Early Modern Europe and the Protestant Reformation

Flashcards covering key topics in early modern European history including the Protestant Reformation, consolidation of sovereign states, early capitalism, and the Scientific Revolution.

Why did the Roman Catholic Church sell indulgences in October 1517?

To raise funds for the reconstruction of St. Peters basillica.

What document did Martin Luther publish to condemn indulgences and initiate public debate?

The Ninety-Five Theses.

What was the core idea of the Protestant faith according to Martin Luther?

Justification by faith alone.

Who introduced printing to Europe between 1395 and 1468, spurring a printing revolution?

Johannes Gutenberg.

What 1536 publication put Protestant teachings into a single package according to John Calvin?

Institutes of the Christian Religion.

What main doctrine emphasized by John Calvin stated that God already determined who receives salvation?

The doctrine of predestination.

Why did King Henry VIII seek to break away from the Roman Catholic Church?

He wanted to divorce his wife who had not given birth to a male heir, and the Pope said no.

How did the Council of Trent address the issue of priests causing people to leave the church?

They required schools to be built for scholars to learn and be prepared properly.

Who founded the Society of Jesus after reading spiritual doctrines and accounts of saints while recovering from battle?

St. Ignatius Loyola.

According to the transcript, how many individuals were tried and executed during the witch hunts?

Approximately 110,000 individuals went through trial and 45,000 went through execution.

What triggered the start of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)?

The Holy Roman Emperor forced his Bohemian subjects to return to the Roman Catholic Church.

How much of Germany's population died as a result of the Thirty Years' War?

One-third of Germany's population.

Across what geographic range did Emperor Charles V's empire stretch?

From Vienna in Austria to Cuzco in Peru.

Which European rulers were referred to as the new monarchs who built strong regimes?

The rulers of England, France, and Spain.

What was the original goal of the Spanish Inquisition established in 1478?

To identify secret converts to Judaism and Islam.

Who led the Parliamentary forces that beheaded King Charles in the English Civil War?

Oliver Cromwell.

What power shift replaced King James II with his daughter Mary and William of Orange?

The Glorious Revolution.

Who served as chief minister to King Louis XIII and systematically undermined the French nobility?

Cardinal Richelieu.

What massive building did King Louis XIV construct in the 1670s-1680s to keep an eye on French nobles?

Versailles.

What newly built Baltic seaport was opened in 1703 to serve as a capital city and strategic haven for the Russian navy?

St. Petersburg.

Who mounted a major rebellion from 1773 to 1774 during Catherine II's reign before being captured and beheaded in Moscow?

Vemelian Pugachev.

Which three neighboring states wiped Poland completely off the map through predatory partitions?

Russia, Austria, and Prussia.

What 1648 treaty ended the Thirty Years' War and established a system of independent, competing European states?

The Peace of Westphalia.

What was the growth in European population between 1500 and 1700?

European population grew from 81 million in 1500 to 180 million in 1700.

What decentralized production system moved manufacturing to the countryside to avoid urban artisan guild restrictions?

The putting-out system.

What 1649 state code established tight government control over labor in Russia and treated serfs as chattel slaves?

The Law of 1649.

Which economic advocate asserted that society profits when an individual profits?

Adam Smith.

What model of the universe did Nicolaus Copernicus introduce in 1543?

A sun-centered model.

According to the transcript, which individual studied reproduction through animal dissection and discovered principles of human blood circulation?

William Henry.

What quote did Voltaire tell the king of Prussia about Émilie du Châtelet?

That she was "a great man whose only fault was being a woman".