D1 (nutrition)

Balanced diet

diet w/ accepted proportions of nutrients to maintain good health

Malnutrition

caused by a deficiency, imbalance, excess of nutrients in the diet

nine essential amino acids

phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine, 

leucine, isoleucine, lysine, and histidine.

Tyrosine 

in lots of proteins and synthesizes some hormones

conditionally essential amino acids

tyrosine (when there is phenylalanine), arginine(only babies cant synthesize)

hypothalamus

in brain controls appetite with feedback loops from nervous + digestive system & hormones

PYY3-36

Hormone from small intestine, inhibits appetite

Leptin

hormone from adipose (fat tissue) cells, decreases appetite by inhibiting hunger

what happens when full

vagus nerve → hypothalamus sends message→ leptin(fats), insulin(sugar&protein), pyy3-36 (ingested food) produced

starvation

severe reduction in caloric energy intake → weight loss

catabolysis

body breaks down muscles and lipids to generate energy and amino acids

Anorexia nervosa

eating disorder: voluntary starvation and loss of body mass b/c fear of weight gain/image

outcome of anorexia

electrolyte imbalance, skeletal and heart muscle breakdown, low bp, slow heart rate, bruising hair loss,. reduced or absence of menstrual cycles. Extreme cases can lead to death

scurvy

vit c deficency

sympoms of scuvry

• Bleeding gums, gingivitis or loose teeth. Vitamin C is necessary for the synthesis of collagen, which builds and maintains tissue.

• Lack of energy. Loss of weight and extreme fatigue.

• Mood swings or depression. Irritability and rapid changes in mood may indicate a severe deficiency. Depression is common.

• Chronic joint pain. Bleeding in the joints causes constant pain.

• Suppressed immune system. Frequent diseases.

• Slow wound healing and bruising. Bruising occurs easily and wounds take a long time to heal.

Phenylketonuria (pku)

autosomal recessive genetic dissease → cant convert phenylalanine to tyrosine

consequences of pku

learning difficulties, hyperactive, seizures, small head/brain (b/c reduced growth)

cant treat pku - what to do

low phenylalanine diet diet (foods with low protein, ex. veggies, fruits, sugars)

high phenylalanine foods (high protein)

fish, meat, dairy, wheat, nuts, eggs, beans

vitamin d deficiency (osteomalacia/rickets)

need vitD for absorbing calcium from food → build healthy bones

osteomalacia

mild condition of vit D deficiency, in adults bones soften

rickets

serious condition of vit D deficiency, in kids bones deform

foods with vitamin D

oily fish (salmon, herring, tuna), egg yolk, liver, dairy

Can synthesize Vit D ?

yes w/UV light exposure (go outside)

cholesterol

protects mb integrity/fluidity, in blood = indicator for CHD

nutrient

substance that body needs (for energy/ material for metabolic reactions

essential nutrient

can’t be made by body from other materials

4 types of essential minerals

minerals, vitamins, fatty acids, amino acids

non-essential nutrient

can be made by body/ have a replacement to serve same purpose

calorimeter

deterimes the energy content of food by burning it & measuring temp change of water

recommended daily intake (RDI)

daily dietary level required to meet health requirements

minerals

inorganic elements

types of nutrients (6)

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water

electrolytes

minerals dissolved in fluid (like blood plasma), important for sending messages along nerves and starting muscle contractions

raise water by 1C

4.18 J

3 common energy sources

carbs (prefer b/c easy to digest + transport), lipids (highest yield but long term storage and hard to transport), proteins ( produces N waste and comes from cells)

calorimetry equation

q= mct (m of water, c=4.18, temp of water)

what happens when hungry

hormones ghrelin (from stomach) and glucagon (from pancreas) promote hunger feeling

satiety

feeling sated (fully satisfied

anorexia (med. term)

reduced appetite

obesity

bmi>30, increased energy intake w/ decrease expenditure

type 2 diabetes

insulin resistance (fat,liver, muscle cells), have high glucose levels in blood and in urine

hypertension

correlated to excessive weight gain (more body mass=more tissues that need oxygenated blood = higher blood V = higher blood pressure) leads to high heart rate, vascular resistance, stiff+narrow arteries (atherosclerosis)

ascorbic acid

type of vitamin c required for lots of metabolic activities in all animals and plants

HDL (high density lipoproteins)

good, carry excess cholesterol to liver

LDL (low density lipoproteins)

bad, carry cholesterol from liver to body (raises blood cholesterol level)

factors that affect LDL circulation

genetics, liver function, saturated & trans fats

vitamin c

forms collagen, cartilage muscles, blood vessels

essential fatty acids

omega-3(alpha-linolenic acid), omega-6 (linoleic acid)

how essential fatty acids are used

modified by body to make lipid based compounds: used to signal molecules, brain & eye development, anti-inflammatory

amino acids

we cant store them so we need them in our diet, low levels = not able to produce enzymes/hormones/ cell structures

dietary minerals

required minerals in small quantities (mg or ug/day)

non-essential minerals

present in common organic molecules ( HCONS)

essential minerals

required for human development, structures, and functions

minerals for structures like bone/teeth

Ca, P, Mg

minerals for bodily fluids

Na, K, Cl

minerals that are co-factors for specific enzymes/ components of proteins/hormones

Fe, P, Iodine

vitamins

organic molecules needed in small amounts, important role as cofactors for enzymes, antioxidants, hormones

water soluble vitamins

need to be constantly consumed, excess lost in urine, hydrophillic, Vitamins B/C (think BC = has lots of water)

fat soluble vitamins

can store in the liver, hydrophobic, Vitamins A/D/E/K

vitamins we need

A, B, C, D, E, K