PS Units 5-9

Denial

refusing or being unable to recognize unacceptable thoughts/behaviors

Projection

attributing unacceptable thoughts/behaviors to someone or something else

Rationalization

making excuses for unacceptable thoughts/behaviors

Regression

behaving as if much younger to avoid unacceptable thoughts/behaviors

Repression

blocking unacceptable thoughts/behaviors from consciousness

Displacement

taking out unacceptable thoughts/behaviors on a safe target

Sublimation

transforming unacceptable thoughts/behaviors –> acceptable ones

Reaction formation

behaving in a manner opposite of one’s unacceptable thoughts/behaviors

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

pathological excesses (hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech); treated with neuroleptics

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

pathological deficits (apathy and the inability to experience pleasure); treated with atypical antipsychotics

Humanistic psychotherapy

person or client-centered approach that aims to provide supportive environment in which clients can grow and change

cognitive-behavioral therapy

help individuals replace negative thoughts and behaviors with healthier thoughts and behaviors

microsociology

micro-level; small-scale social phenomena; interpersonal interactions; individual actions that build and shape society (ex: communication barrier between patients and physicians)

macrosciology

macro-level; society-wide institutions; large-scale events; broad patterns, trends, and demographics in society (ex: patterns of unemployment and poverty increase obesity rates)

functionalism

proposes that structures maintain stability and order; institutions support the function of society

conflict theory

views society as a hierarchy of competing groups, macro sociological theory, tensions arise when resources are unequally distributed, influenced by Marx’s study of capitalism

symbolic interactionism

views society as the product of interaction; micro sociological theory; symbols communicate meaning and interaction

social exchange theory

individuals analyze the value of interactions; determine the costs and benefits of relationships with others

rational choice theory

proposes that humans are self-interested; make choices that benefit themselves

dominant culture

values, beliefs, and practices shared by most in society

subculture

values and practices generally align with the dominant culture, but group is also characteristically distinct

counterculture

values and practices oppose the dominant culture

cultural lag

time delay between rapid changes in material culture and slower changes in symbolic culture, which can create social problems

culture shock

feelings of disorientation, uneasiness, and even fear associated with the unknown culture

assimilation

forced or voluntary porcess of cultural integration

multiculturalism

promotes recognition and accommodation of cultures

popular culture

beliefs, trends, and behaviors that are widespread and relevant in a society

mass media

social institution repsonsible for the communication of information within a society

transmission

the passing of cultural elements from one generation to the next, serves to stabilize the beliefs and behaviors of a society across time

diffusion

spread of cultural elements from one society to another

Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory

8 different stages across the lifetime

Trust vs mistrust

infants 0-1 year

autonomy vs shame/doubt

children 1-3 years

initiative vs guilt

children 3-6 years

industry vs inferiority

children 6-12 years

identity vs role confusion

adolescents 12-20 years

intimacy vs isolation

adults 20-40 years

generativity vs stagnation

adults 40-65 years

integrity vs despair

older adults older than 65

Lawrence Kohlberg’s stages of moral development

developed from studies on moral dilemmas; man was unable to afford medication to save spouse; 3 sections of 2 stages each

Pre-Conventional

direct consequence to the individual

1. obedience: avoiding punishment by authority

2. self-interest: expecting equal exchange to further own self-interest

Conventional

society’s norms and values

3. conformity: wanting to be good to secure approval of others

4. law and order: obeying laws of society

Post-Conventional

own ethical principles

5. social contract: maximizing benefit for the largest number of people

6. universal ethical principles: following own ethical principle of justice above all else

social self by George Herbert Mead

emerges through interaction with significant others; 3 stages

I

unsocialized, spontaneous self; driven by wants and desires without accounting for social consequences

Me

socialize, reflected self; understands the norms of society, monitors the impulses of the I

Imitation

babies/toddlers mimic the behavior of others; includes mimicking symbols and language; no sense of self as separate from others

play

preschool-aged children who engage in role-taking; taking on roles to understand the perspective of others; I has developed'; Me begins to develop

Game

school-aged children become aware of social position in relation to others; generalized other; understanding broader social expectations; Me is fully developed

Theory of social interaction by Erving Goffman

exchange of role performances, communicate information about the self to others; theory that examines social interaction using a theater metaphor

front stage

role performance and audience evaluation; most interaction occurs in these settings

back stage

informal, relaxed role performance; interaction with close friends, colleagues, or family → not presentation of idealized self; place to rehearse and prepare for front stage

ascribed status

involuntary social position assigned by society; typically based on social identity categories like sex, race, and nationality; often lifelong

achieved status

voluntary social position earned through merit or choice; reflects accomplishment, skill and/or abilitymas

master status

overshadows other statuses in status set; viewed in all interactions, even situations guided by another status; ascribed or achieved, can hold more than one

role strain

occurs when the expectations for a single role compete, producing tension

role conflict

occurs when the expectations for two or more roles simultaneously held compete, producing tension

social capital

potential value embedded in network connections; provide resources

McDonaldization

trend to incorporate elements of bureaucracies into many parts of society; George Ritzer; efficiency, calculability, predictability, control

social constructionism

examines how societies create ideas and interpret reality

cognitive dissonance theory

causes a state of discomfort that results in motivation to reduce the conflict by aligning thoughts and/or behaviors

external locus of control

luck, fate, and powerful others determine the outcome of events

internal locus of control

my own actions/behaviors determine the outcome of events

interpersonal attraction

defined as liking/positive feelings towards another person; impacts relationships of all kinds

securely attached

confidently explore environment and return to caregivers as consistent and nurturing base; if caregiver leaves they become upset but calm quickly; when caregiver returns they express pleasure and seek contact

insecurely attached

limited exploration, act indifferent or clingy toward caregivers; when caregiver leaves, may act indifferent or become extremely upset and difficult to calm; when caregiver returns, may act clingy or avoid contact

attribution theory

individuals assign reasons for behavior

self-serving bias

success → internal factors and failure → external factors

fundamental attribution error

individual assumes someone else’s behavior → internal rather than external factors

halo effect

individual attributes additional positive qualities to person with one positive quality

actor-observer bias

individual attributes another person’s behavior to internal factors while attributing one’s own behavior to external factors

just-world hypothesis

tendency to assume that bad things happen to people who deserve them

self-fulfilling prophecy

belief about oneself which may or may not be true influences behavior and the belief becomes true

ethnocentrism

belief in the superiority of one’s own culture, which results in evaluating other cultures based on personal cultural values and practices

cultural relativism

no right or wrong cultural practices; examining a culture based on its own context rather than comparing it to another culture

social facilitation

improvement in performance of well-rehearsed or easy tasks in front of a crowd versus when alone

social control

exertion of power by a group, institution, or society to ensure that the behavior of individuals conforms to particular norms

social loafing

individuals exhibit less effort on a task when part of a group than when alone

deindividuation

loss of self-awareness, inhibition and sense of personal responsibility

conformity

adjustment of one’s behavior or thinking to align with that of a group; may conform in an attempt to fit in or avoid rejection

compliance

one individual modifies behavior at request of another individual

obedience

-              : an individual carries out behavior based on orders of an authority figure

group polarization

average attitude or opinion of group members becomes more extreme after group discussion

groupthink

desire to maintain group cohesion and reach a consensus outweighs critical decision-making; diversity of ideas decreases

functions

ensure predictability of behavior; guide behavior in new situations; help in understanding behavior of others

folkways

informal norms guiding typical behaviors and/or traditions in society; support smooth interactions

mores

more serious norms with greater moral significance

laws

formal norms strictly enforcing what society views as right and wrong

taboos

society’s strongest norms; violations considered morally reprehensible

positive sanction

reward for upholding a norm

negative sanction

repercussion for violating a norm

formal sanctions

codified within social institutionsin

informal sanctions

enforced by members of a social group

anomie

state of normlessness; norms and values challenged but not replaced; results in instability, lack of guidance, disconnection; often occurs due to societal changes

differential associate theory

deviance is learned through interaction with others engaging in deviance

labeling theory

deviances lies not in the behavior -> social response of applying the deviant label to individuals

strain theory

deviance results from tension caused by a disconnect: socially acceptable goals and means to obtain goals

fundamentalism

renewed adherence to strict, traditional beliefs and practices; often believe in a literal interpretation; sometimes leads to intolerance to others

sick role theory

functionalist perspective that describes how the disruptions to typical social activity are minimized through the “sick role”

illness experience

symbolic interactionist approach that examines how illness impacts identity and daily life