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A detailed vocab review for many AP Hunan Geography terms for Unit 2.
Age Distribution
The proportionate numbers of persons in successive age categories in a given population.
Age Structure
The composition of a population by age and sex, often visualized in a population pyramid.
Agricultural Density
The number of people per unit of arable land.
Anti-Natalist Policies
Government policies aimed at reducing population growth, often through incentives or restrictions on family size.
Arithmetic Density
The number of people per unit of land area; calculated as Population/Area.
Chain Migration
Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or friends have already settled there.
Child Mortality Rate
The number of deaths of children under five years old per 1,000 live births.
Cornucopian Theory
The belief that technological advancements will solve resource shortages and environmental problems.
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
The number of live births per 1,000 people.
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
The number of deaths per 1,000 people.
Demographic Equation
The formula for calculating population growth:Population = Population(previous year) + Births - Deaths + Net Migration.
Demographic Transition Model (DMT)
A model that describes the stages of population growth and decline in a country, consisting of 5 stages.
Demography
The study of population characteristics.
Dependency Ratio
The ratio of people who are not of working age (children and elderly) to those who are (ages 14-65).
Doubling Time
The amount of time it takes for a population to double in size.
Emigration
The movement of people out of a country.
Forced Migration
Migration caused by factors beyond an individual's control, such as war, government persecution, or natural disasters.
Guest Workers
Individuals who migrate to a country temporarily to work, often in low-skilled jobs.
Immigration
The movement of people into a country.
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
The number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births.
Internal Migration
Migration within a country.
Lee’s Migration Model
A model that explains the factors influencing migration, including push factors (reasons to leave) and pull factors (reasons to go).
Life Expectancy
The average number of years a person can expect to live.
Migration
The movement of people from one place to another.
Mortality Rate
The number of deaths per 1,000 people.
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
The difference between the birth rate and the death rate.
Neo-Malthusians
People who believe that population growth will outstrip resource availability, leading to famine and other problems.
One Child Policy
A policy implemented in China to limit families to one child.
Population Composition
The characteristics of a population, such as age, sex, and ethnicity.
Population Density
The number of people per unit of land area.
Population Distribution
The pattern of where people live; how people are spread.
Population Pyramid
A graphical representation of the age and sex structure of a population.
Population Dynamics
The changes in a population over time.
Pro-Natalist Policies
Government policies aimed at increasing population growth, often through incentives or subsidies for having children.
Pull Factors
Reasons why people are attracted to a particular location.
Push Factors
Reasons why people leave a particular location.
Replacement Level Fertility
The number of children a couple needs to have to replace themselves; typically 2.1 children per couple.
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
The same as the natural increase rate (NIR).
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
A set of principles that describe the patterns of migration.
Rural-to-Urban Migration
The movement of people from rural areas to cities.
Sex Ratio
The number of males per females.
Step Migration
Migration in stages, often starting with shorter distances and gradually moving further away.
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime.
Thomas Malthus
An English economist who predicted that population growth would outstrip food production.
Transhumance Migration
The seasonal movement of people and livestock between different areas.
Transnational Migration
Migration that involves crossing international borders.
Voluntary Migration
Migration that is chosen by the individual.
Zero Population Growth
A state in which the population is neither growing nor declining.
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