Comprehensive Review of Human Anatomy and Physiology

Flashcards generated from lecture notes on the human skeletal system, muscular system, circulatory system, respiratory system, excretory system, reproductive system, endocrine system, digestive system, and the nervous system.

How many bones are in the adult human skeleton?

206

What is the central axis of the human skeleton called?

Axial skeleton

How many bones make up the skull?

22

What are the three bones in the auditory ossicles?

Malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrups)

Which bone is the smallest in the human body?

Stapes

Which facial bone forms the cheek bones?

Zygomatic bone

Which facial bone is the smallest?

Lacrimal Bone

What is the largest and strongest bone of the face?

Mandible

What does the hyoid bone act as?

Movable base for the tongue

What is the vertebral column also known as?

Spinal column

What bone is also known as the collarbone?

Clavicle

What is the tailbone also known as?

Coccyx

Which type of joint is fluid-filled and voluntary?

Synovial

What does the thoracic cage consist of?

Ribs, sternum, thoracic vertebrae, and costal cartilages

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

Bones of the upper and lower limbs

What two bones make up the pectoral girdle?

Clavicle and Scapulae

What is the longest and largest bone of the upper limb?

Humerus

What two bones make up the forearm?

Radius and Ulna

What bones are included in the hand?

Carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

What is the function of the pelvic girdle?

Bearing the weight of the body and for locomotion

What is the longest and strongest bone in the body?

Femur

What is the point at which two or more bones meet called?

Joint or Articulation

What are the functional classifications of joints?

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial

Which type of joint allows the greatest range of motion?

Synovial

What is the umbrella term for flexion and extension movements called?

Angular Movements

What is the decrease in angle between bones known as?

Flexion

What is the increase in angle between bones known as?

Extension

What enables the human body to move?

Muscles

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

Which type of muscle is also called voluntary muscle?

Skeletal Muscle

Where is cardiac muscle located?

Myocardium of the heart

Which muscle tissues are involuntary?

Cardiac and smooth muscle

What is the function of smooth muscle in blood vessels?

Regulating blood flow and pressure

What are the key components of a skeletal muscle fiber?

Myofibrils, sarcolemma, striations, and myofilaments

What causes the striated appearance of skeletal muscle?

Alternating bands of actin and myosin filaments

What is the functional unit of muscle contraction?

Sarcomere

What is the Sliding Filament Theory?

Myosin heads bind to actin, pull, release, and repeat, contracting the sarcomere

What is required for myosin movement and muscle contraction?

ATP (Energy)

What symmetry type cannot be divided into equal parts?

Asymmetrical

What symmetry type is divisible by one median into left and right halves?

Bilateral

What symmetry type has parts arranged around a central axis?

Radial

What does ‘anterior’ refer to in anatomical terminology?

Near or toward the head end

What does ‘posterior’ refer to in anatomical terminology?

Near or toward the hind end

What does ‘cephalic’ pertain to?

Towards the head

What does ‘caudal’ pertain to?

Towards the tail end

What is the upper surface of the body known as?

Dorsal

What is the underside of the body known as?

Ventral

What does 'lateral' mean in anatomical terms?

Toward the side, left or right

What does transverse/cross plane mean?

Separating the anterior and posterior ends

What three main parts make up the human circulatory system?

The heart, blood vessels, and blood

What types of blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?

Arteries

What types of blood vessels carry blood back to the heart?

Veins

What connects arteries and veins?

Capillaries

What type of blood cell carries oxygen?

Red blood cells

What type of blood cell fights diseases?

White blood cells

What part of blood gathers at sites of injury and helps with clotting?

Platelets

What is the liquid component of blood called?

Plasma

What type of circulatory system does human beings have?

Closed

What are the two main parts that deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium through?

Superior vena cava (from the upper body) and inferior vena cava (from the lower body)

What valve does the blood flow through from the right atrium to the right ventricle?

Tricuspid valve

What arteries does the blood pump through from the right ventricle in order to reach the lungs?

Pulmonary arteries

Where does the blood become oxygenated?

Alveoli in the Lungs

What veins does the oxygenated blood return through?

Pulmonary veins

What valve does the blood flow through from the left atrium to the left ventricle?

Mitral/Bicuspid valve

What artery does the left ventricle pump oxygenated blood into?

Aorta

What types of blood deliver immune factors, and what is collected?

Oxygen, nutrients, and immune factors are delivered and waste and carbon dioxide are collected

Which side of the heart is larger, and what does it correlate with?

The left side, with systemic circulation

What is the pulmonary circulation?

The right side of the heart pumping blood to the lungs

What is the systemic circulation?

Pathway through which oxygenated blood is pumped to the rest of the body

What does the right atrium receive blood from?

Entire body

What does the left atrium receive blood from?

Lungs

Which vena cava drains blood from the head and arms?

Superior

Which vena cava drains blood from the legs and lower organs?

Inferior

What is the flow of blood between the tricuspid valve?

Between the heart's right atrium and right ventricle

What is the flow of blood between the bicuspid/mitral valve?

Between the heart's left atrium and left ventricle

What is the function of the pulmonary valve?

Allow deoxygenated blood to leave the heart for oxygenation in the lungs, prevents backflow

What is the function of the aortic valve?

Regulates blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta, prevents backflow

What is the aorta?

Major artery of the body, taking oxygenated blood to the organs and muscles

What is the aortic arch curved section's function?

Helps distribute blood to the head and upper extremities

What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle?

Systole (contraction) and Diastole (relaxation)

Which phase is the ventricular contraction?

Systole

Which phase is the ventricular relaxation?

Diastole

What node is the signal initiated at in the eletrical conduction of the cardiac cycle?

Sinoatrial (SA Node)

At which node is there a delay in the electrical conduction step-by-step process?

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

What sound occurs at the start of ventricular systole (contraction)?

LUB (S1)

What sound occurs at the end of ventricular systole (relaxation)?

DUB (S2)

What feature connects one heart cell to another?

Intercalated disks

What happens during cardiac diastole?

All chambers are relaxed, and blood flows into the heart

What happens during atrial systole & ventricular diastole?

Atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles

What happens during atrial diastole & ventricular systole?

Ventricles contract pushing blood out of the heart

What term describes the special muscle cells that pump the heart?

Cardiac muscle cells/ Cardiomyocytes

Why are Intercalated Discs Important?

They electrical signals pass quickly from one cell to the next and help the heart pump in a coordinated and strong way

What is the recording made by electrodes to see the hearts activity?

ECG (Electrocardiogram)

What is arterial blood pressure regulated by?

Valves of the cardiac system regulating blood flow

What is the main artery in systemic circulation?

The Aorta

Where does blood exchange oxygen, nutrients, and waste with tissues?

Capillaries

What percentage of blood is held in our veins?

70-75

What are the three layers of tissue that veins are composed of?

The tunica adventitia, the tunica media, and the tunica intima

The transport of water, nutrients, and antibodies in the blood help with what?

Homeostasis

What is the function of erythrocytes, and what is another name for it?

To carry oxygen to the body and is also known as red blood cells