PA 413 Primary Care I & Infectious Disease – Vaccine & HIV Vocabulary Flashcards

A set of vocabulary-style flashcards covering key vaccine concepts, vaccine types, schedules, contraindications, and core HIV topics from the lecture notes.

Direct effect

Protection against infection and a decrease in the severity of clinical illness.

Indirect effect

Reduction of spread from immunized persons to others.

Active immunity

Immunity produced by vaccination or toxoids; typically long-lasting.

Passive immunity

Immunity conferred by preformed antibodies; provides immediate protection but is temporary.

Live attenuated vaccine

Vaccine derived from wild-type organisms that are weakened; elicits an immune response similar to natural infection and may have side effects.

Inactivated vaccine

Vaccine that is not live; immunity is usually not as long-lasting as live vaccines.

Intramuscular (IM) administration

Injection into muscle; common site in adults is the deltoid.

Subcutaneous (SC) administration

Injection into the fatty tissue; common site is the triceps.

Induration

Hardening at the injection site; a common local vaccine reaction.

Erythema

Redness at the injection site; a common local vaccine reaction.

Contraindication: Anaphylaxis to vaccine component

Life-threatening allergic reaction to a vaccine ingredient.

Contraindication: Antibiotic use (for oral typhoid and cholera vaccines)

Antibiotic use is a contraindication specific to those vaccines in the notes; check each vaccine’s component.

Contraindication: Allergy to neomycin, streptomyin, or polymyxin B

Allergic reaction to these antibiotics is a contraindication for certain vaccines.

Live vaccines and pregnancy

Live attenuated vaccines should not be given to pregnant individuals; if planning pregnancy, wait at least 4 weeks after live vaccination.

Immunocompromised status and vaccines

Severely immunocompromised should not receive live vaccines; inactivated vaccines may be given but response may be weaker; immunocompetent individuals living with the immunocompromised should avoid certain live vaccines (e.g., varicella, VZV, live influenza) in those settings.

Which HPV types are covered by Gardasil 9?

HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58.

What is the recommended HPV dosing schedule?

Three-dose schedule: 0 months, 1–2 months after the first dose, and 6 months after the first dose.

Hepatitis A vaccine (HAVRIX/Vaqta)

Inactivated vaccine given intramuscularly; used for routine vaccination and travel; refrigerated.

What is the recommended dosing schedule for Hepatitis A vaccine?

First dose at 0 months; second dose 6–18 months after the first dose.

Hepatitis B vaccines (examples)

Energix-B, Heplisav-B, Recombivac HB.

What is the dosing schedule for Energix-B Hepatitis B vaccine?

Three-dose series: 0, 1, and 6 months.

What is the dosing schedule for Heplisav-B Hepatitis B vaccine?

Two-dose series: 0 and 1 month.

Hepatitis B risk factors

At-risk sexual exposure, household contact with someone with hepatitis B, exposure to blood products, ESRD, diabetes, HCV, chronic liver disease, HIV, travel to high-risk areas, incarceration, and vaccination protection needs.

What is a key contraindication for Hepatitis B vaccine related to yeast?

Anaphylaxis to vaccine component (yeast) is a contraindication.

Most common Hepatitis B vaccine reactions

Injection-site pain, erythema, swelling; fever; headache.

MMR vaccine (Measles, Mumps, Rubella)

Live attenuated vaccine given subcutaneously; MMR-II is a common product; given in childhood; adults born in 1957 or later should have at least 1 dose if not immune; college students may require 2 doses.

MMR contraindications

Anaphylaxis to neomycin or gelatin; severe immunodeficiency; pregnancy.

What is the adult dosing schedule for the MMR vaccine?

0 months for the first dose; second dose at least 4 weeks after the first.

Varicella vaccine (Varivax)

Live attenuated vaccine given subcutaneously; two doses 4–8 weeks apart for individuals >13 years old.

Varicella contraindications

Anaphylaxis to neomycin or gelatin; severe immunodeficiency; pregnancy.

Varicella precautions

Avoid contact with immunocompromised individuals for up to six weeks after vaccination.

Shingrix

Recombinant subunit vaccine for shingles (varicella zoster); adults >50 years; intramuscular; two-dose schedule (0 and 2–6 months).

Pneumococcal vaccines

Two types: PPSV23 (polysaccharide) and PCV15/PCV20 (conjugate).

PPSV23 vs PCV15/PCV20

PPSV23 is a 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine; PCV15/PCV20 are conjugate vaccines with additional serotypes.

What is the recommended pneumococcal vaccine schedule for adults aged 65 and older?

PCV15 followed by PPSV23 one year later (or sooner if immunocompromised); or PCV20 alone; PPSV23 can be given after if needed.

IPV (polio) vaccine: IPOL

Inactivated polio vaccine given intramuscularly or subcutaneously; schedule for unvaccinated typically 3-dose series: 0 months, 1–2 months after, and 6–12 months after the second dose.

DTaP/Tdap

DTaP given in childhood; Tdap given to adults; pregnant persons should receive Tdap at 27–36 weeks; Td/Tdap booster every 10 years; >65 years may prefer Tdap.

Influenza vaccine

Annual vaccine; can be live attenuated (intranasal) or inactivated (intramuscular); reduces severity, pneumonia, hospitalization, and death.

Influenza contraindications

Contraindications include a history of anaphylaxis to the vaccine components; egg allergy and Guillain-Barré syndrome are considerations discussed in some guidelines.

HIV prevalence (US and global)

Approximately 1.2 million people in the US; about 37 million worldwide; new US cases in 2022 were about 38k; higher burden among males, MSM, Black/African American, ages 25–34.

HIV pathophysiology

RNA retrovirus that targets CD4+ T cells; uses reverse transcriptase; integrates into host DNA; mutates to evade immune responses and downregulates MHC I.

HIV signs in acute infection

Flu-like illness 1–4 weeks after exposure, lasting 3–14 days.

HIV signs: AIDS

Severe immune suppression with CD4 count <200 cells/mm3 and opportunistic infections.