1.2, 1.5, 1.8 Classification of Matter, Modern Atomic Theory, Subatomic Particles, Isotopes

matter

has mass, occupies volume, composted of particles (atoms, ions, molecules)

the ___ of the particles determines the properties of matter

structure

classifying matter by state

based on the strength of interactions that occur between particles making up the substance at a given temperature (solid, liquid, gaseous)

matter by state - strong interaction

less space, less mobility, more rigidity, more condensed state

classifying matter by composition

pure substance vs. mixture

pure substances

element vs. compound

element

pure substance made up of atoms of 1 type only, can’t be separated into simpler components
ex: hydrogen, carbon, gold, etc. (elements on the periodic table!)

compound

pure substance made up of at least 2 types of atoms, fixed and definite composition from sample to sample, can be separated into simpler components by chemical methods only
ex: water (H₂O), sodium chloride (NaCl)

mixtures

matter composted of at least 2 types of elements or compounds, composition can change from sample to sample, can be separated into simpler components by physical methods (filtration, distillation, etc.)

homogeneous vs. heterogeneous

homogeneous mixture

mixture with uniform properties and composition within the same sample
it all looks the same
ex: sugar water, black coffee, 14k gold

heterogeneous mixture

mixture with properties and/or composition change within the same sample
you can SEE physical differences
ex: oil+water mixture, water+sand mixture, concrete

atoms

basic building blocks of all matter in the universe, composted of protons, neutrons and electrons

atomic mass unit (amu/u)

unit of mass for dealing with individual protons, neutrons, atoms, molecules, etc.

protons

a stable subatomic particle that carries a positive electrical charge, heavy

neutrons

a tiny, uncharged subatomic particle found in the center (nucleus) of almost all atoms, neutral charge

electrons

a tiny subatomic particle that carries a negative electric charge, light weighted

protons and neutrons have approximately _____ masses

same

ions

transition from atom formed by loss or gain of electrons to make cation and aniona

atom with a neutral charge

proton = electron