Bio 153 Exam 2 Study Guide

What is not found in cartilage, but is found in bone?

Nerves and blood vessels

Which type of cell is the predominant type in the stratum basale?

Keratinocyte

T or F: The predominant cells in the spinosum are melanin granules and langerhan cells

T

Which is the order one would ”come across” each layer coming from the INSIDE to the OUTSIDE

Basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

Which layer is only found on the palms and soles of feet?

Lucidum

Which is the order one would ”come across” each layer coming from the OUTSIDE to the INSIDE

Corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

Which type of CELL would not be found in the dermis?

Chondrocytes

Which type of fiber would be found in the dermis?

collagen and elastin

Gland that produces a waxy solution in the ear canal

Ceruminous

Gland always associated with a hair follicle

Sebaceuos

Gland that secretes a salty solution, but also with some fatty acids and proteins to make for a delicious meal for bacteria, and thus odor for the arm&leg “pits”.

Apocrine

Gland that secretes a salt WATER solution

Sebaceuos

T or F: Hair is mostly composed of dead, keratinized cells

T

T or F: TSH is released from the hypothalamus

F: released from anterior pituitary

T or F: Hypothalamus releases TRH

T

T or F: According to the “rule of nines”, each arm would constitute about 9% of your body surface area.

T

What is NOT found in the endosteum?

Fibers

Which is not part of the organic composition of bone?

Hydroxyapatite

Which type of bone formation takes place on a pre-built collagen fiber model?

Endochondral

Which cells are responsible for bone elongation?

Osteoblasts in diaphysis

Where cells play a role in bone remodeling in the long bone “shaft”?

Osteoclasts in diaphysis

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

The osteon

Red bone marrow contains a large percentage of

Blood forming cells

Which type of fracture is not all the way through the bone?

Greenstick, incomplete fracture where part of the bone is broken and the other part is bent

Which type of fracture is when the bone ends are not in their original place?

displaced

Disease in which bones are mineralized and demineralized at an exaggerated pace?

Pagets

Condition in which bones of children have reduced mineralization, leading to bowed legs, along
with deformities of pelvis, skull and rib cage.

Rickets

The cell responsible for degrading the matrix of bone is the

Osteoclast

T or F: Each hair follicle is surrounded by a sensory nerve ending at its base, allowing for very sensitive “touch reception” when a hair moves.

T

T or F: A first degree burn goes through the epidermis and barely into the dermis.

F

T or F: Infants have blood cell formation in all bones, while adults have it only in certain bones.

T

T or F: One would find adipose tissue in the dermis.

F: Located in the hypodermis

T or F: The only type of sweat gland found in the epidermis is apocrine.

F: Apocrine is located in dermis. Eccrine is located closer to the epidermis

T or F: The normal level of calcium in the plasma is about 20 mg/100ml.

F: 10mg

T or F: Vitamin D is produced by chemical reactions of the skin, liver and kidneys.

T

T or F: Vit D causes both increased calcium absorption in the intestine and reduced calcium excretion from the kidneys.

T or F: A major determinant for osteoporosis is reduced estrogen in elderly women, leading to
increased osteoclast activity.

T

T or F: In addition to other effects, high oxytocin levels appear to also be responsible for lack of
social engagement by autistic children.

F

T or F: Thyroid hormone is a major determinant of one’s basal body metabolism level.

T; also major determinant of temp regulation

Which type is when the bone breaks in three or more pieces?

Comminuted

The concentric rings of minerals deposited in compact bone are known as:

Lamellae

T or F: The epidermis has more matrix and fibers than actual cells.

T or F :Skin has more elastin fibers as people age, causing wrinkling.

F: less fibers cause wrinkling

Area of dermis that is thickest.

Reticular, accounts for 80%

Which is the innermost layer of hair?

Medulla

Which is the most outerlayer of hair?

Cuticle

T or F: When oxytocin is released, it not only causes the effects we typically expect, but it also leads to negative feedback of more oxytocin.

F: positive feedback cause more oxytocin to release

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

weight gain/goiter

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism

weight loss/graves disease and osteoporosis

Which causes a coloration to skin from eating orange vegetables?

Carotene

What is oxytocin not involved in?

Milk production

T or F: Oxytocin is a peptide, is released from the pituitary, and synthetic version is given to induce labor

T

Growth hormone does not cause:

Decreased fat deposits

T or F: Growth hormone is released from the posterior pituitary.

F

T or F: An osteoclast is able to be involved in bone resorption because it releases both enzymes and acid outside itself, leading to the degradation of both the inorganic and organic components of bone.

F

Which muscle is associated with hair follicles?

Erector Pili

Which is a redish coloration from dilation of skin blood vessels?

Erythema

Which is NOT found in the periosteum?

Sweat glands

Which type of bone formation takes place on a cartilage model?

Intramembranous and endochondral

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of

Fat

Which hormone would activate osteoclasts?

PTH

Which type of fracture is when the bone protrudes through the skin?

Compound/open fracture

Disease in which bones are demineralized faster than they are mineralized that is common in elderly folks.

Osteoporosis

Condition in which bones of children have reduced mineralization, leading to bowed legs, along with deformities of pelvis, skull and rib cage.

Rickets

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the

What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?

Hyaline cartilage

T or F: Spongy bone is cushy/soft/spongy

F

T or F: According to the “rule of nines”, each leg would constitute about 18% of your body surface area.

T

What is part of the organic composition of bone?

Osteoid

T or F: Bone will thicken by osteoblasts depositing minerals on the outside.

Which hormone would raise plasma calcium by activating osteoclasts?

PTH

Which type of fracture is only on one side of bone?

Greenstick

T or F: A third degree burn goes through the entire dermis and most of the epidermis.

F: Goes through all of the skin

T or F: Keratin is an orange color found in yellow and orange vegetables, and can give skin an orange color.

F

The most deadly form of skin cancer inolves:

Melanocytes

T or F: The perichodrium is found surrounding cartilage, and is composed of dense irregular connective tissue.

T

T or F: The membrane just inside of compact bone along the diaphysis is called the endosteum, and contains both osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

T: both the periosteum and endosteum contain osteblasts and osteoclasts

In a haversion system (osteon), which is the term for the spaces where blood vessels can connect from one central canal to another central canal?

Central canal

T or F: In endochondral ossification, secondary ossification centers form at the epiphyses, allowing most of the ends of bone to get converted from hyaline cartilage to spongy bone.

T: in secondary ossification, some cartilage remains at the ends of the bones and epiphyseal plates

T or F: Normal calcium levels in plasma are 9-11 mg/dl.

T

T or F: Most people have about the same amount of melanocytes. It is the type of melanin and the amount that is produced that affects skin color.

T

Which skin pigment leads to a redness of skin?

Erythema

T or F: Volkman’s canals are found at the center of each osteon, allowing blood vessels to pass through.

F: central canal is found at the center of each osteon

What type of cartilage is found in the epiglottis?

Elastic

T or F: Cartilage has no nerves and few blood vessels

F: cartilage has no nerves or blood vessels

Which type of cell divides and enlarges (hypertrophy), leading to bone elongation?

Chondrocytes

Which is NOT part of the organic composition of bone?

Hydroxyapetites

The ends of a bone are known as

Epiphyses

Which type of cartilage is found in the pubic symphysis?

Fibrocartilage

T or F: Spongy bone has its name because it can provide cushion for the joints where 2 bones meet

F

T or F: the medullary cavity of a long bone has a membrane inside it containing both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

T

T or F: Compact bone is only found along the shaft, not at the ends of bone

F

Osteoblast activity is increased by what

more stress on bone = more osteoblast activity

By what age are bones completely ossified

25

Which hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

TSH and Growth hormone

Functions of Growth Hormone

reduce fat, increase skeletal/cartilage growth, promotes protein synthesis and cell growth

What releases IGF-1?

Liver

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary gland?

Oxytocin

Which is the most active TH?

T3

Which TH is mostly produced?

T4 (80%)