Brain Scans

EEG

use electrodes to tell us when electrical activity is happening in the brain (all electrodes) (activity)

ERP

come from an EEG, specifically looking at one electrode and when it is occuring (activity)

fMRI

use magnets, looks at the metal in our blood, where blood is going → activity in the brain (activity)

PET

look at the glucose (activity)

TMS

really strong magnet to send a magnetic pulse into brain (activity)

CT

series of x-rays that are put together using an algorithm to put together an image of the brain (structure)

MRI

using magnets + charge + polarization to look at the different structure of the brain (structure)

DTI

type of MRI, uses magnets → focusing on myelin sheath of the brain (structure)

NIRS

use light pulses to create an image of the brain (structure)

hits

stimulus is present, you are saying a stimulus is present

false alarms

light is not on, responding as if there was a stimulus, but there isn’t

correct rejections

no stimulus + you say there’s no stimulus

misses

there is a stimulus + you say there is no stimulus

bottom up

start building your perception at the sensory information —> as it gets more complex, more complex processing —> data driven approach to perception

top down

doing assimilation, taking current expectations + beliefs and interpreting sensory information to fit those beliefs

light

visual stimulus for the sensation of vision

color

perception/interpretation

wave length

distance between two waves

amplitude

height from tallest point in wave to lowest point in wave

cornea

external covering of the eye, first place light passes through, there for protection

pupil

black part of the eye, just a hole

iris

colored part surrounding the pupil, changes size of pupil

lens

theoretically a clear segment of the eye that this light is going to pass through

accommodation

eye changes the shape of lens to better focus the light information

retina

back of the eye, doing the sensation

fovea

area of maximum visual acuity, light that is projected onto the it is where it’s going to be the cleanest and sharpest

rods

low light, can see with little light, when it is darker everything appears in black and white

cones

color vision + sharp detail, need bright light to process information

sclera

whites of the eyes

trichromatic

three different kinds of cones

tetrachromatic

four different kinds of cones

Herrings Opponent Process

colors are working in opposition, when red is activated green is suppressed

binocular cues

depth cues that require both eyes

retinal disparity

difference between our left and right eye, movement between eyes with object right in front of you

monocular cues

can get from one eye

familiar size

two objects similar in size, we assume the larger one is closer to us

linear perspective

parallel lines look like they will converge in the distance, closer parallel lines are further away

texture gradient

objects that are closer to us are easier to discern texture

interposition

things in front of something else are closer to us

relative size

things on the bottom of our visual field are closer to us

pinna

fleshy part of the ear, catches auditory waves

auditory canal

funneling auditory waves (tunnel)

eardrum/tympanic membrane

moves and vibrates based on sound waves, barrier that keeps the air in

ossicles

3 smallest bones in the body, connected to the ear drum
hammer, anvil, stirrup

cochlea

snail looking object, inner ear is the cochlea

fluid

starts to move as sound wave hits it

basilar membrane

as fluid moves the starts to move, correlates to the eye’s retina

hair cells

receptor neurons for hearing, sends information about hearing process to the brain

auditory nerve

collects information that the hair cells are providing and sends to the brain

semicircular canals

good for balance, spinning moves around the fluid around which is why we get dizzy

place theory

basilar membrane is sending information about where the hair cells are

temporal/frequency theory

hair cells fire at the highest point of the wave

localization

pinna is very important, dog tilting head to find source of the ear

sensorineural

hearing loss is happening at the inner ear, hair cell issues

conduction

issue with the eardrum or middle ear

plastic

somatosensory cortex, aren’t born with a body part other parts of your body will take over that function and become more sensitive

a delta fibers

sharp shooting pains, quicker to send pain to the brain, immediate aftermath of an injury

c fibers

throbbing pain, why it would hurt after a few days

referred pain

you are experiencing pain internally, pain in your left arm can be a sign of a heart attack

haptic perception

explore/understand our world through touch

kinesthesia

feel like falling but not, where your body is and how it’s moving

olfactory receptors

receptor neurons accept certain molecules of smellpa

papillae

little bumps on our tongue, each bump contains hundreds of taste buds

receptor replacement

quick to replenish, eating something hot you lose taste for a few days but get it back

5 primary sensations

sweet, sour, bitter, savory, umami

flavor

perception of flavor is going to change as we change

cravings

body saying you need more of a nutrient

diathesis stress model

prolonged stress can kick off a genetic predisposition for a disease or disorder

fallacy of uniform effifacy

what reduces stress for one person may or may not reduce stress for another

tend and befriend

alternative to fight or flight

catharsis

expressing anger would release that anger so you could leave it behind

adaptation level phenomenon

we judge our current experience in relation to our past experience

relative deprivation

we view that the situation we are in is worse than a situation someone else is in