Biology - SBI3U - Introduction

Classification

• To organize all discovered organism

• To give organism standard name

  • So scientist in different place can talk without confusion

Robert Whittakers 1969

• Five kingdom system

  • Monera

  • Protista

  • Plantae

  • Fungi

  • Animalia

Robert Whittakers 5 kingdom system when

• 1969

Carl Woese 1970

• 6 kingdom system

  • Eubacteria

  • Archaebacteria

  • Protista

  • Plantae

  • Fungi

  • Anamalia

Carl Woese 6 kingdom system when

• 1970

Carl Woese 1990

• 3 domain system

  • Eubacteria

  • Archaebacteria

  • Eukarya

Carl Woese 3 domain system when

• 1990

Thomas Cavalier-Smith 1987

• 8 kingdom system

  • Eubacteria

  • Archaebacteria

  • Archezoa

  • Chromista

  • Protista

  • Plantae

  • Fungi

  • Animalia

Thomas Cavalier-Smith 8 kingdom system when

• 1987

Carolus Linnaeus

• Swedish botanist

• Develop classification system based on similarity between organism

• Today use 6 level system to classify living thing

Six kingdoms

• Archaebacteria

  • Bacteria live harsh condition

• Eubacteria

  • Bacteria live normal condition

• Protista

  • Organism made one eukaryotic cell

• Fungi

  • Mushroom and mold

• Plantae

  • All plant include tree, bush, flower

• Animalia

  • All animal include insect

Prokaryote

• Bacteria

  • Eubacteria and archaebacteria

• Unicellular

• Lack organelle sourround by membtrane

• Very small

  • Same size as mitochondria

Eukaryote

• Multicellular

  • Animalia, fungi, plantae

• Unicellular

  • Protista

• Contain organelles

• Larger cell size

Factor for grouping into kingdom

• Cell type

  • Presence or absence of nucleus

• Cell number

  • Whether organism made single or many cell

  • Unicellular

    • Single celled organism

  • Multicellular

    • Mnay celled organism

• Feeding type

  • How organism get energy or food

  • Producer (autotroph)

    • Make own food

  • Consumer (heterotroph)

    • Must eat other organism to survive

• Reproduction

  • How organism produce offspring

  • Asexual

    • One parent

    • Binary fission

    • Fragmenetation

    • Budding

  • Sexual

    • Two parent

Archaebacteria

• Prokaryotic

• Unicellular

• Producer/autotroph or decomposer/heterotroph

• Asexual reproduction

  • Binary fission

• Salt loving, heat loving, methane loving bacteria

• Also called ancient bacteria

  • Date back 4 billion year

• Fond harsh environment no other organism live

  • Called heat loving, salt loving, methane locing

• Yellow and orange righ around Yellowstone National Park hot spring formed by remains of archeabacteria billions of year ago

Eubacteria

• Prokaryotic

• Unicellular

• Producer/autotroph or decomposer/heterotroph

• Asexual reproduction

• Cool facts

  • Some bacteria have flagella/cilia for movement

  • Some secrete slime layer and ooze over surface like slug

  • 99% bacteria helpful

  • 1% bacteria harmful causing disease

Protist

• Eularyotic

• Unicellular or multicellular

• Producer or consumer or decomposer

• Mostly asexual reproduction but sometimes sexual reproduction

• Most diverse kingdom

• There are animal-like, fungus-like, plant-like protist

• Some cause disease in human

  • Amebic dysentery

  • African sleeping sickness

  • Malaria

• Movement

  • Pseudopod (false foot)

  • Flagella/cilia (hair)

  • Contractile vacuole

Most diverse kingdom

• Protist

Protist movement

• Movement

  • Pseudopod (false foot)

  • Flagella/cilia (hair)

  • Contractile vacuole

Fungi

• Eukaryotic

• Unicellular or multicellular

• Decomposer

• Asexual or sexual reproduction

• Some of most important organisms

  • Break down dead organic material which continue cycle of nutrients through ecosystem

• Many antibacterial drug derived from fungi

• Cause many plant and animal disease

• Are stationary

• Root like structure called hyphae

  • Use for attachment, nutrient absorption, reproduction, communication

Fungi root like structure

• Hyphae

  • Use for attachment, nutrient absorption, reproduction, communication

Plant

• Eukaryotic

• Multicellular

• Producer

• Asexual or sexual reproduction

• Eg

  • Moss

  • Liverwort and hornwort

  • Fern

  • Conifer (cone bearing)

    • Gymnosperm

      • Oldest vascular plant

  • Flowering plant

    • Angiosperm

Anamalia

• Eukaryotic

• Multicellular

• Consumer/heterotroph

• Sexual reproduction

• Eg

  • Porifera

    • Sponge

  • Cnidarian

    • Jellyfish, coral, stinger

      • Stinger called nematocyst

  • Mollusk

    • Octopi, squid

    • Clam, oyster

    • Snail, slug

  • Platyhelminthes (flat work)

    • Tapework and fluke

  • Annelid (segmented work)

    • Worm and leech

  • Echinoderm

    • Starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber

  • Anthropod

    • Shell fish, arachnid and bug

  • Chordate

    • Vertebrate

Taxonomy

• Science of naming organism

Taxonomist

• Person who study taxonomy

Taxon

• One of 7-8 level use for classification of organism

Order of hierarchy of classification most inclusive to very specific

• Kingdom

• Phylum

• Class

• Family

• Genus

• Species

Binomial nomenclature

• The system of giving a two-word Latin name to each organism, where the first word is the genus, and the second word is the species

First word in binomial nomenclature

• Genus

  • Should be capitalized, and either underlined or italicized

Second word in binomial nomenclature

• Species

  • Should be lowercase, and either underlined or italicized

Which is more closely related Genus or Species

• Genus is more closely related then species

Dichotomous key

• Tool to help identify related individual

Dichotomous key rules

• Observe organisms and look characteristics that clearly different and easy identify

• Each question 2 option

• Each question clear and not subjective

Classification

• Difficult becuase no clear way to define species

• As new species identified, need way to determine how closly relate to other species

Used to identify species

• Morphological species concept

• Biological species concept

• Phylogenetic species concept

Morphological species concept

• Morphology of organism

  • Morphology = body size, shape, structural feature

• Organism compared and decide whether similar organism represent different species

• Advantage

  • Simple

  • Most widely used by people

• Disadvantage

  • If too much variation within species

  • When fail

    • Eg

      • Shark vs dolphin

Morphology

• Body size, shape, structural feature

Morphological species concept advantage

• Simple

• Most widely used by people

Morphological species concept disadvantage

• If too much variation within species

• When fail

  • Eg

    • Shark vs dolphin

Biological species concept

• Simple characteristics and ability of organims to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

• Advantage

  • Widely used by scientist

• Disadvantage

  • Can not apply species reproduce asexually

  • Uncertain for population that physically seperate

  • Can not apply fossil species

    • They are dead

Biological species concept advantage

• Widely used by scientist

Biological species concept disadvantage

• Can not apply species reproduce asexually

• Uncertain for population that physically seperate

• Can not apply fossil species

  • They are dead

Phylogenetic species concept

• Evolutionary relationship among organism

• Species = cluster organism that distinct from other cluster and show a pattern of relationship among organism

  • Eg

    • Eubacteria vs archaea

• Advantage

  • Can apply extinct species

  • Consider information about relationship among organism learned from DNA analysis

• Disadvantage

  • Evolutionary history not know for all species

Phylogenetic species concept advantage

• Can apply extinct species

• Consider information about relationship among organism learned from DNA analysis

Phylogenetic species concept disadvantage

• Evolutionary history not known for all species

Evolution

• Scientific theory that describe change in specie over time and shared ancestry

  • All living thing are descended from common ancestor

  • When scientists say two species closely related, it means that they share a common ancestor in recent evolutionary history

Phylogenies determined through

• Development trait

  • Embryology

• Structural trait

  • Homology

• Molecular trait

  • Genetics and molecular biology

How determine if two species have shared phylogeny

• Anatomical, physiological, DNA evidence

  • Interpret to make hypotheses about evolutionary history

Phylogenetic tree

• Branching diagram use to show phylogenetic relationship

How read phylogenetic tree

• Tips of branch can represent particular species or entire group of species

• Moving back along branch is move back through time

• To interpret relatedness of any 2 species follow branch backwards in time until reach place where meet the most recent common ancestor

• The further back the mmost recent ancestor is the more distantly related the species are

Clade

• Taxonomic group that includes single common ancestor and all descendants

First organism

• Archaebacteria likely first living thing

What type metabolism did early archaebacteria have

• Were likely anaerobic and chemotrophic

Aerobic

• Need oxygen

Anaerobic

• Do not need oxygen

Chemotrophic

• Get energy by breaking down chemical compound

Why could first organism not be consumer

• No oxygen and anything to consume

Cyanobacteria

• Earliest known life form in fossil record

  • Appear around 3.5 - 2.5 billion year ago

  • Evidence by stromatolites

    • Stromatolites = layered rock form by growth of microbial mat

Earliest known life form in fossil record

• Cyanobacteria

Stromatolite

• Layered rock fromed by growth of microbial mat

Evidence archaebacteria were first living thing

• Phylogenetic placement

  • Position of mesophilic archaea in phylogenetic tree suggest they very old

• Genomic data

  • Modern genomics suggest archaebacteria with relatively low level physiological complexity

• Ancient metabolic processes

  • Presence of very ancient processes

    • Such as methanogenesis point for very old origin for archaebaceria

      • Methanogenesis = biological production of methane by methanogen, strictly anaerobic

Methanogenesis

• Biological production of methane by methanogen, strictly anaerobic

Prokaryote introduction

• Smallest organism on Earth (1-500μm)

• Live every imaginable habitat

  • Ice, boiling, hot spring, water, soil, ect

• Not diverse

  • Classification based on internal biochemistry and DNA

• Only 10,000 species isolated to date

  • Approximately 1% of total species

• Mostly single celled

• Two major group

  • Eubacteria

    • Also called bacteria

  • Archaebacteria

    • Also called archaea

  • Two group very different genetically

Are virus alive

• Virus = not alive

  • Require host

1mm = _____μm

• 1000μm (micro meter)

Prokaryote importance

• Most harmless

  • Nonpathogen = does not cause disease, harm, or death to another organism

• Only small number cause disease

  • Pathogen = organism that can cause disease in a host

• Some may pathogenic in some situation but not other

  • Escherichia coli (E. Coli) bacterium

    • Normally inhabit intestinal track

      • Break down waste product and help make vitaming K

    • Certain variety cause diarrhea

    • If enter urinary tract may cause UTI

Pathogen

• Organism taht can cause diesease in host

Nonpathogen

• Does not cause disease, harm, or death to another organism

Prokaryote pro and con

• Benefit

  • Support production of bread, cheese, yogurt, beer, ect

  • Important resident of intestinal track of animal

    • Mutualism = symbiotic relationship where both orgnaism benefit

  • Important role ecosystem as decomposer and producer

  • Convert atmospheric nitrogen to usuable form for plant

  • Produce antibiotic

• Problem

  • Cause infection

Escherichia coli (E. Coli) bacterium

• Normally inhabit intestinal track

  • Break down waste product and help make vitaming K

• Certain variety cause diarrhea

• If enter urinary tract may cause UTI

Archaea introduction

• Genetically as different from Eubacteria as we are

• Cell wall do not contain peptidoglycan

• Inhabit extreme environment

• No pathogenic archarea we know of

Mutualism

• Symbiotic relationship where both orgnaism benefit

Archaea more closely relate to eukaryote or bacteria

• More closely relate to eukaryote

Archaea how closer relate to eukaryote than bacteria

• Archaea, single-celled microorganism, are consider more closely relate to eukaryote than bacteria

  • Genetic similarities

    • Gene and metabolic pathway involve essential processes like transcription and translation

      • Transcription = copy DNA into RNA

      • Translation = make protein from RNA

  • Phylogenetic studies

    • Molecular data shown that genetic makeup of archaea place closer to eukaryote on tree of life than to bacteria

      • Archaea and eukaryotes share a more recent common ancestor with each other than with bacteria

  • Early life

    • First organism on Earth may resembled archaea

    • Lineage leading to eukaryote emerge from within archaean domain

  • Discovery of Lokiarchaeota

    • Discover of archea like lokiarchaeota provide further evidence for closer evolutionary relationship

    • Lokiarchaeota identified as closest know archeal relative to eukaryote

Transcription

• Copy DNA into RNA

Translation

• Make protein from RNA

Methanogen

• Convert hydrogen and carbon dioxide into methane for energy

• Obligate anaerobe (no oxygen)

• Digest cellulose in cow and termite gut

  • Each cow blech 50l methane a day

• Also in swamp, wetland, garbage dump

Halophile

• Salt loving

• Grow very salty condition

  • Dead sea, food perserve by salting

  • Mostly aerobic (require oxygen)

Thermophile

• Heat loving

• Live very high temperature

  • Ocean hydrothermal vent (up to 113°C), hot springs ion Yellowstone National Parl

• Use sulfur to generate energy

  • Some generate sulfuric acid instead, they live very low pH

Psychrophile

• Cold loving

• Found mostly in antarctic and arctic ocean

• Optimal tmperature range is -10°C to -20°C

4 type of archaea

• Methanogen

• Halophile

• Thermophile

• Psychrophile

Eubacteria introduction

• Eubacteria

  • If move, move use flagella (whip like hair)

  • Have pili

    • Pili = stiff protien that help cell attatch one another

  • Have peptidoglycan

    • Peptidoglycan = protective coating only on eubacteria

      • Make up cell wall

      • Used to

        • Identify different type bacteria

        • Kill bacteria

  • May have outer capsule to provide protection

    • Reduce water loss, resist high temperature, resist antibiotic and virus

  • Components

    • Flagellum

    • Pilus

    • Capsule

    • Cell wall

    • Plasma membrane

    • Nuclied (DNA)

    • Cytoplasm

    • Ribosome

Eubacteria movement

• If move, move use flagella (whip like hiar)

Pili

• Stiff protien that help call attach one another

Peptidoglycan

• Protective coating only on eubacteria

• Used to

  • Identify different type bacteria

  • Help human kill bacteria

Eubacteria components

• Flagellum

• Pilus

• Capsule

• Cell wall

• Plasma membrane

• Nuclied (DNA)

• Cytoplasm

• Ribosome

Bacterial morphology which least common

• Spirillum less common then coccus and bacillus

Bacterial morphology

• Cocci (sphere)

  • Coccus - sphere

  • Diplococcus - pair

  • Tetradcoccus - group 4 arrange in square

  • Strepococcus - chain

  • Straphylococcus - cluster

• Bacillus (rod)

  • Bascillus - rod

  • Streptobacillus - chain

• Spirillum (spiral)

  • Spirillum

  • Spirochete

Bacterial morphology aggregation of cells

• Single cell

• Pair - diplo

• Chain - strepto

• Cluster - staphylo

Relative size of cells and components

• Small molecule - 1nm

• Virus - 10-100nm

• Bacterium - 1μm

• Animal cell - 10μm

• Plant cell - 100μm

Autotroph

• Make own food

Heterotroph

• Use compound from others

Phototroph

• Energy from sunlight

Chemotroph

• Energy from chemicals

Many bacteria evolve under ______ conditions

• Anaerobic

Obligte aerobe

• Need oxygen survive

Obligate anaerobe

• Killed by oxygen

Facultative anaerobe

• Use oxygen when present but live anaerobically (through fermentation) when oxygen absent

Binary fission

• Asexual reproduction

• DNA replicated, parent cell split two daughter cell

• Each daughter cell receive exact copy of genetic material

• Replicate quickly therefore more mutation occur