Human Bio Quiz 1

Qualitative

Using subjective measures

• not numeric or objective

Quantitative

Using numeric/repeatable measure

Natural Observation

Done w/o influence of observer

Staged Observation

Observation completed within a manipulated environment

4 Basic Processes of Cells

1. Cell Metabolism

2. Substance Transport

3. Communication

4. Cell Reproduction

Cell Metabolism

Chemical reactions that a cell has to do to stay alive

Communication

Within & between, chemical/eletrical

Cell Reproduction

Cell division; mitosis vs meosis

Plasma Membrane

Separates a cell’s internal and external environment

• phosolipid bilayers

• hyrophilic phosoheads

• hydrophobi philipid tails

Cytoplasma

Consists of fluid (cytosols) organelles, and cytoskeleton

Mitosois

Cell division with the result being an identical cell

Meiosis

half from mom, half from dad; reproductive cells

Organelles

Structures in a cell

1. Mitochondria

2. Ribosomes

3. Smooth ER

4. Rough ER

Mitochondria

• Powerhouse of the cell

• Create ATP

• Have their own DNA and ribosomes

Ribsomes

Protein Synthesis

Smooth ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum

• CA + ion storage

• Detoxification

• Lipid Synthesis

Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

• Maturation of proteins

• Ribosomes

Chromatin

DNA is stretched out and not preparing for cell division

Chromosomes

DNA is binded together preparing for cell division

Nucleus

• Command center of the cell

• Contains DNA

DNA

Used by RNA for protein synthesis

The Cell Cycle

1. Interphase

2. Mitosis

3. Prophase

4. Metaphase

5. Anaphase

6. Telophase/Cytoikineses

Passive aka Diffusion

Solute → Particle is moving across to create equalibrium

Osmosis

Fluid is moving across to create equalibrium

Active Transport

NA +/K+ pump (most common); nerve cells and effort

Primary Active Transport

Uses ATP for transport across cell membranes

Secondary Transport

Uses an electrochemical gradient created by the primary active transport to move molecules across the cell membranes.

• Carrier proteins, vesicles

Epithelial Tissue

Function: protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, transports between tissues, sensation

Types:

1. Simple Epithelia — 1 layer; lungs, kidneys, GI tract

2. Straitfied Epithelia — multi laer; epidermis, mouth, esophagus, urthera

Connective Tissue

Functions: Connections, binding, support

CT Proper: Loose and Dense

• Adipose

Specialized Connective Tissue: cartilage, bone, blood

Muscle Tissue

Types: Smooth, Cardiac, Skeletal

Functions: Contract and shorten

Repair:

• Smooth — capable of full regeneration,

• Cardiac — fibrosis

• Muscle — statelite

Nervous Tissue

Function: send and receive signals

• Neurons: nerve cell

• Neuroglia: support/anchor cells; can do mitosis

  • neurons gets blood supply

  • makes sure neurons stay in place

• Repair: generally no repair. Sometimes regenerates if the cell body is intact.

Neuroglia

• Support/anchor cells

• Can do mitsosi

• Neurons get blood supply

• Make sure the neurons stay in place

Extracellular Matrix

• The “stuff” outside/between cells

• Ground substance: contains water, ion, nutrients

Protein Fibers

1. Collagen Fibers

2. Elastic Fibers

3. Reticular

CT Proper

• Loose: mostly ground substance, membrane lining of the cavaities

• Dense: irregular (around organs and joints); regular (tendons and ligaments)

Collagen Fibers

• 20-25% of all protein in the body

• Steel cable, appear white

• Tendons and ligaments

Collagen Fibers

• 20-25% of all protein in the body

• Steel cable, appear white

• Tendons, ligaments

Elastic Fibers

• Elastic

• Stretch up to 1 1/2x its resting length

Reticular Fibers

• Type of collagen, however creates more of a mesh than a cable

Types of Cartilage

• Hyaline (trachea)

• Fibrocratilage (intervertebral disc)

• Elastic (epiglottis)

Bone

• Osteoblast

• Osteocytes (mature osteoblast)

• Osteoclast

Blood

ECM of this = plasma

• Erythrocytes

• Leukocytes

• Platelets

Loose Connective Tissue

Mostly ground substance, membrane lining of the body

• Cavitiies/hollow organs

Dense Connective Tissue

• Irregular: around joints and organs

• Regular: tendons and ligaments