Unit 4 Biowork Chemical Processes in Biomanufacturing

Training on How to Handle
Chemicals

Companies must provide task-specific training in how to handle chemicals.
● The location of SDS files
● Methods used to detect hazardous chemicals
in the work area
● Nearby chemicals’ physical and health hazards
● PPE and SOP information for handling
workplace chemicals safely
● Information about the company’s chemical
labeling system

3 mg/m3 means

3 milligrams of chemical per cubic meter of volume

10 mg/kg fatal does means

This amount – 10 milligrams per kilogram of body weight – is fatal when ingested

The most important resource for chemical safety is the

SDS

In the event of a chemical fire

1. Evacuate the area as quickly as possible, and ensure other employees
evacuate as well.
● 2. Call for help.
● 3. Do not try to put out the fire with a fire extinguisher without proper
training.

Water cannot extinguish all

chemical fires

The best chemical spill control is to prevent a

chemical spill from occurring

atoms

Elements are made of tiny particles

Element’s atomic structure defines its unique physical and chemical properties

Protons (+) and neutrons (0)

protons

positive

neutrons

neutral

electrons

negative

protons and neutrons are clustered together to form the ___ of an atom

nucleus

e___ constantly revolve around the nucleus like planets in the solar system, but much, much faster

lectrons

Atoms are electrically neutral but can sometimes __ or gain electrons, making them positively or negatively charged

lose

ions

Electrically charged atoms and molecules

___ chemical reactions happen because electrons
are lost, gained, or shared among atoms of the same
or different elements

most

Families of Compounds

● Acids
● Bases
● Salts
● Organic Compounds
● Hydrocarbons
● Oxygen-Containing Organic Compounds
● Polymers
● Oxidizing Agents
Families of Compounds

Acidity and Alkalinity =

pH

pH

a measure of acidity or alkalinity

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION: 0.932 is 0.932x10 to the zero power or

0.932x100

10 to the zero power is

1

Two factors determine how hazardous a particular
solution of acid or base is –

1. Strength
2. Concentration

Strength

the reactivity of a particular acid or base

Concentration

how much of the acid or base is present in a
particular solution

Strong acids or bases are more hazardous than weak ones at

the same concentration

A very ___ solution of a strong acid or base may be
much less hazardous than a concentrated solution of a
weak acid or base

dilute

Do what you oughter: add acid to __

water

lower pressure, ___ reaction

slower

higher pressure, ___ reaction

faster

Salts

products of reactions between acids and bases

Organic Compounds

compounds that contain carbon

Carbon

element that can form a number of bonds with
many other element

Hydrocarbons

contain only carbon and hydrogen

Oxygen-containing organic compounds

contain carbon
and oxygen, and sometimes hydrogen

Esters

commonly used as natural and artificial flavors and in some medications like nitroglycerine

Esters are formed from

the reaction that occurs when an organic acid and an alcohol are
combined

Ethers are popular __ for other organic compounds

solvents

Alcohols

Ethanol, isopropyl (rubbing alcohol), and ethylene glycol (antifreeze) are all types of alcohols

Aldehydes

Formaldehyde is used to preserve biological specimens, Including corpses. Glutaraldehyde is a toxic sterilizer often used for medical equipment

Ketones

Nail polish remover is made from acetone

Organic acids

weak acids

EX; tric acid,
acetic acid (vinegar), acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), and amino acids. Smaller organic acids dissolve in water.

Amino acids

building blocks of the proteins that make up human muscles and many of the other body structures

Many liquid organic compounds are

volatile

gases

Like propane, and some liquid vapors, like those from gasoline, are denser than air

To reduce the risk of fire and explosion, these areas
must have ____

positive ventilation

Solvents do not always mix well with ____

water

In fact, most ____ float on top of water because they are less
dense than water is

Solvents

Ethers, if stored too long, can form explosive
compounds called ____

peroxides

Oxidizing agents are needed for a common type of chemical
reaction called ____

oxidation

Oxidation always releases

energy

Oxygen

The most common oxidizing agent that surrounds us, feeding wood fires and the chemical reactions that make energy in the human bodies

Hydrogen Peroxide

A mild oxidizing agent sold in drugstores in a diluted
form as an effective Antiseptic in clean rooms

Nitric acid

A strong oxidizing agent that acts rapidly and turns exposed skin
brown

endothermic

energy – in the form of heat, electricity, or
light – must be added continuously to the reactants to form the
products

Endothermic reactions require heat from the ____

environment

Exothermic

release energy in the form of heat
and can be dangerous

Exothermic Reaction example

A Bomb

Chemical reactions

chemical changes

Chemical reactions occur when

elements or molecules meet each other and form new combinations – or when one molecule breaks into two smaller molecules

A chemical reaction involves the breaking of

chemical bonds, the forming of chemical bonds, or both.

energy of activation

reactant molecules may need a small amount of energy

if a reaction needs energy to keep going after jump-starting, it is

endothermic

if a reaction releases energy after it is jump-started,

exothermic

Reaction rate

measure of the amount of reactants that converts into products in a set time period

Not all chemical reactions occur at the

same rate

The rate of reaction depends partly on how easily

molecules in the reactants form or break bonds

For each reaction to occur, the atoms of the reactants must
bump into each other with enough energy for some bonds to

break and others to form

Slow Reaction Rate example

rust

Fast Reaction Rate example

firework

You cannot control this but you can control other process variables that affect the reaction rate:

○ Concentration
○ Pressure
○ Temperature
○ Catalysts

Concentration

number of molecules in a given volume.

Increasing the concentration of reactant molecules ____ up the reaction rate

speeds

Decreasing the concentration of reactant molecules ____ the reaction rate

slows

Because pressure compresses molecules into a smaller volume,
the concentration of the molecules increases and reactions can
happen

faster

Increasing the temperature ____ the reaction rate.

increases

As the molecules move faster, the number of collisions ____

increases

For every increase of ____ in temperature, the reaction
rate doubles

10̊ C

activation energy

For a chemical reaction to take place, it requires a certain
minimum amount of energy

If a substance can lower this activation energy without
itself being changed or consumed during the reaction, it is
called a

catalyst

In reversible reactions, the product can change back into the

reactants

irreversible reactions

product cannot change back into the reactants

irreversible reactions example

Burning fuel

solution

a type of mixture

the solute dissolves in the ____

solvent

sugar is the solute and coffee is the

solvent

solute

substance (s) that is dissolved

solvent

substance in which the solute is dissolved

aqueous solution

solvent in a liquid solution is water

solubility

substance is the ability to dissolve in another substance

immiscible

Liquids that cannot form a solution

There are factors you can control that affect how much solute will dissolve and how quickly:

temperature, pressure, pH, and mixing

The solubility of most substance increases with

temperature

For instance, you can dissolve more sugar into kool aid than ____ water

hot

as temperature increases, gas solubility in water

decreases

Pressure increases the amount of gas that will dissolve in a

liquid

pH affects how well some solutes dissolve in an

aqueous solution

t or f; Mixing helps solutes dissolve more quickly

true

Several ways to express the concentration of a solution -
three ways that use percentages.

○ Volume/volume percent (v/v%)
○ Weight/weight percent (w/w%)
○ Weight/volume percent (w/v%)

t or f; Often, the way concentration is expressed in industry depends on what works best and is convenient