ALL KINESIOLOGY FLASHCARDS

How many bones does an upper limb have, and what are they?

• Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

• 30 in total

What are the joints of an upper limb?

• Shoulder joint

• Elbow joint

• Radioulnar joint

• Wrist

• Carpo-metacarpal joint

• Metacarpophalangeal joint

• Interphalangeal joint

What is the radioulnar joint?

• Where the radius and ulna articulates

• A pivot joint allowing pronation and supination

What is the anular ligament?

• Holds the radioulnar joint in place

• Allows the radius to pivot

How is the elbow joint structured?

• Contains the radial and ulna tuberosity, with the ulna tuberosity flattening to form the coronoid process

• The olecranon and trochlear of the humerus allows the ulna to articulate

What are the anterior muscles of the elbow?

• Bicep brachii

• Brachialis

• Brachioradialis

• Pronator teres

• Pronator quadratus

What are the posterior muscles of the elbow?

• Tricep brachii

• Anconeus

• Supinator

Tricep brachii O + I

O = Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula

I = Olecranon of the ulna

Bicep Brachii short head O + I

O = coracoid process of scapula

I = Radial tuberosity

Bicep brachii long head O + I

O = Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

I = Radial tuberosity

What is wrist movement primarily caused by?

The radius and proximal carpals, which forms the radiocarpal joint

What type of joint is the thumb?

Saddle joint

Wrist flexors O + I

O = Anteromedially on forearm

I = Anteriorly at the hand

Wrist extensors O + I

O = Posteromedially on forearm

I = Posteriorly at the hand

What is lateral epicondylitis?

• Tennis elbow

• Overuse injury of the wrist extensors and supination which attach to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

• Overuse injury causing numbness, tingle feeling

• Caused by repetitive gripping

• Caused by nerve compression by tendons on the medial nerve

What bones articulate at the knee?

1. Femur

2. Tibia

3. Patella

What are the 2 knee joints?

1. Tibiofemoral joint

2. Patellofemoral joint

What are the ligaments of the knee

1. Anterior cruciate ligament

2. Posterior cruciate ligament

3. Lateral collateral ligament

4. Medial collateral ligament

5. Lateral menisci

6. Medial menisci

Where is the patella?

Embedded into the quadricep and patella tendon

What are the functions of the patella?

• Acts as a lever arm for quadricep (10-30% more torque)

• Protects the anterior knee structures

What are the muscles of the quadricep?

• Rectus femoris

• Vastus medialis

• Vastus intermedius

• Vastus lateralis

Rectus femoris O + I

O = AIIS

I = Tibial tuberosity

Vastus medialis O + I

O = Medial side of linea aspera

I = Tibial tuberosity

Vastus intermedius O + I

O = Anterolateral femur

I = Tibial tuberosity

Vastus medialis O + I

O = Greater trochanter

I = Tibial tuberosity

What are the muscles of the hamstring?

1. Bicep femoris

2. Semitendinosus

3. Semimembranosus

Bicep femoris O + I

O = Long head - ischial tuberosity, short head - linea aspera

I = Head of fibula

Semitendinosus O + I

O = Ischial tuberosity

I = Anteromedial tibia

Semimembranosus O + I

O = Ischial tuberosity

I = Medial condyle of tibia

What a biarticulating muscle?

A muscle which is involved in multiple joint actions

What is the Q angle?

• The angle of line of pull of the quadricep

• Drawn between the ASIS to patella, and tibial tuberosity to patella

• Men = 12-13°, Women = 16-18°

What are the 2 malalignments of the knee?

Valgus = knees come in together

Varus = knees are apart

What is chondromalacia patella?

• Pain at the front of knee due to patellofemoral cartilage damage, and mistracking the patella

What are risk factors for chondromalacia patella?

• High patella

• Valgus (high Q angle)

• Pronation

• Weak vastus medialis

What factors affect ACL ruptures?

• 70% are non contact

• Caused by cutting and decelerating soon after ground contact

What are the functions of the foot?

• Load bearing

• Locomotion

• Shock absorption

• Acts as a 2nd class lever

How many bones are in the foot?

26

What does the longitudinal arch of the foot travel through?

• Calcaneus

• Talus

• Navicular

• Cuboid

• Tarsals

What does the transverse arch of the foot travel through?

5 Metatarsals

What is pes planus?

Flat footed:

• Low arched foot

• Good shock absorption

• Poor propulsion

What is pes cavus?

Arched foot:

• High arched foot

• Poor shock absorption

• Good propulsion

What is the plantar fascia?

Ligamentous structure connecting the foot to the skins

What is plantar fasciitis?

Overuse of the plantar fascia caused by:

• Obesity

• Long periods of standing

• Tight dorsi-flexors

What is the ankle joint and what does it consist of?

• Hinge joint

• Consists of tibia, fibula and talus

What is the subtalar joint?

• A transverse tarsal joint

• Consists of talus, calcaneus, navicular and cuboid

• Allow inversion, everison, pronation and supination

What is a tarsometatarsal joint?

Joint between the metatarsals

What is the metatarsophalangeal joint?

Joint between metatarsals and phalanges

What is the interphalangeal joint?

Joint between the phalanges

What are the superficial posterior muscles of the ankle and their movement?

• Gastrocnemius and soleus

• Primary plantar flexors

Gastrocnemius O + I

O = posterior of femoral condyles

I = calcaneus

Soleus O + I

O = Posterior of the proximal fibula and tibia

I = calcaneus

What are the deep posterior muscles of the ankle?

• Tibialis posterior

• FDL + FHL

Tibialis posterior O + I

O = Interosseous membrane

I = navicular cuneiforms of metatarsals 2,3,4,5

What are the anterior muscles of the ankle and their movement?

• Tibialis anterior

• EDL

• EHL

• Primary dorsi-flexors

What are the lateral muscles of the ankle and their movement?

• Peroneus longus

• Peroneus brevis

• Peroneus tertius

• Primary evertors

What is shin splints?

Either:

• Small tears in muscle attached to tibia

• Stress fractures of tibia

What are ankle dislocations?

• Overstretch of ligaments supporting the ankle

• 90% are caused by inversion

What is an achillies rupture?

Pain in the heel caused by:

• Sudden dorsi-flexion when muscles are contracted

• Heavy activation of achilles tendon after long period of inactivity

What is a flat bone?

• Thin and curved

• Used for protection

What is a long bone?

• Diaphysis is longer than width

• Contains epiphysis at end

• Used as lever arm for movement

What is an irregular bone?

• Has an irregular shape and size

What is a sesamoid bone?

• Bone embedded within tendon

What is a short bone?

• Short and cuboidal shape

• Used for weight bearing and stability

What is the axial skeleton?

Bones associated with the skull, spine, ribs and sternum

What is the appendicular skeleton?

Bones associated with shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle and 4 limbs

What is a fibrous joint?

• Bones are connected by fibrous tissue

• Provides no movement

What is a cartilaginous joint?

• Bones are connected by cartilage

• Provides slight movement

What is a synovial joint?

• Joint contains synovial fluid for lubrication and shock absorption

• Allows free movement

What is a hinge joint?

• Allows flexion and extension

• e.g. knee

What is a ball and socket joint?

• Allows all movements

• e.g. shoulder

What is a condyloid joint?

• Allows flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, and circumduction

• e.g. Wrist

What is a pivot joint?

• Allows rotation around an axis

• e.g. neck

What is a gliding joint?

• Allows Sliding of 2 bones over each other

• e.g. between tarsals

What is a saddle joint?

• Bones have a concave and convex part which saddle on eachother

• e.g. thumb

What bones make up the shoulder girdle?

• Clavicle

• Scapula

• Manubrium of the sternum (superior part of the sternum)

  

What are the 2 joints of the shoulder girdle?

• Acromioclavicular joint

• Sternoclavicular joint

What is the acromioclavicular joint?

• Formed by the acromion process of the scapula and the lateral of the clavicle

• Is a gliding joint

What is the sternoclavicular joint?

• Formed by the manubrium of the sternum and medial of the clavicle

• Only connection of the axial and appendicular skeletal system

• Is a saddle joint

What are the movements available at the shoulder girdle?

• Elevation

• Depression

• Abduction

• Adduction

• Upwards rotation

• Downwards rotation

What are the posterior muscles at the shoulder girdle?

• Trapezius

• Rhomboids

• Levator scapulae

What are the anterior muscles at the shoulder girdle?

• Pectoralis major

• Serratus anterior

What is the nuchal ligament?

Ligament supporting the weight of the head

What are the movements available due to the rhomboids?

• Elevation

• Adduction

• Downwards rotation

Rhomboid O + I

O = C7 to T5

I = Inferior medial part of scapula

What are the movements available due to the levator scapulae?

• Elevation

• Adduction

• Downwards rotation

Levator scapulae O + I

O = C1 to C4

I = Superior medial part of scapula

What are the movements available due to the trapezius?

Upper fibres = adduction + elevation

Middle fibres = adduction

Lower fibres = adduction, depression and downwards upwards

What are the movements available due to the serratus anterior?

• Abduction

• Upwards rotation

Serratus O + I

O = Upper 9 ribs

I = Medial anterior part of scapula

What are the movements available due to the pectoralis minor?

• Abduction

• Depression

• Downwards rotation

Pectoralis minor O + I

O = Ribs 3,4,5

I = Coracoid process of scapula

What is the most broken bone in the body?

Clavicle

Which part of the clavicle breaks the most?

Middle or lateral third

What is the glenoid fossa?

• Cavity on the lateral superior portion of the scapula

• Used for humerus articulation

What structures provide stability at the shoulder joint?

• Rotator cuffs

• Labrum

• Glenohumeral ligaments

• Fibrous cartilage

What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles?

• Supraspinatus

• Infraspinatus

• Teres minor

• Subscapularis

What are the superficial muscles of the glenohumeral joint?

• Pectoralis major

• Lat dorsi

• Teres major

• Deltoid

What are the deep muscles of the glenohumeral joint?

All rotator cuff muscles

What movements does the Pectoralis major carry out?

• Adduction

• Horizontal adduction

• Inwards rotation