Ch 8: Cardiovascular System

Heart Purpose

– propel blood for the transport of respiratory gasses, nutrients, wastes and immune substances in the body

Heart Valves

– prevent backflow of blood within the heart (bicuspid, tricuspid, aortic, pulmonic)

Arteries

– carry blood away from heart

Veins

– carry blood to the heart and contain valves to prevent backflow of blood since it travels against gravity to return to the heart

Capillaries

– join the arterial system with the venous system

4 Chambers of heart

– Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

Pulmonary Artery

– carries deoxygenated blood

Atri/o

– atrium

Ventricul/o

– ventricle

Sept/o

– septum

Phleb/o, ven/o

– vein

Valv/o, valvul/o

– valve

Arther/o

– fatty plaque

Embol/o

– embolus

Sphygm/o

– pulse

My/o

– muscle

Sten/o

– narrowing/stricture

Thromb/o

– blood clot

Trans/sept/al

– pertaining to across the septum

Thromb/o/lysis

– destruction of blood clot

Ventricul/ar

– pertaining to the ventricles

Ather/oma

– tumor of fatty plaque

Endo/vascular

– pertaining to within a vessel

Arteriol/it is

– inflammation of an arteriole

Embol/ism

– condition of an embolus

My/o/cardi/al

– pertaining to the muscle of the heart

Aort/o/stenosis

– narrowing of the aorta

Cardi/o/rrhexis

– rupture of the heart

a/rrhythm/ia

– condition (of a heart) without rhythm

venticul/o/megaly

– enlargement of the ventricles

brady/card/ia

– condition of a slow heart (beat)

cardi/o/graphy

– process of recording the heart

cardi/o/megaly

– enlargement of the heart

sphym/oid

– resembling a pulse

hemani/oma

– tumor of blood vessel

tachy/card/ia or tachy/cardia

– condition of rapid heart (beat)

Arteriosclerosis

degenerative disease of arteries caused by buildup of fatty plaque (atheroma) that causes wall weakness, loss of elasticity and blood clot formation. Can cause stroke sx, vision problems, confusion, headaches.

Endarterectomy

– removal of plaque buildup from carotid artery

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

– any disorder of the coronary arteries that affects their ability to deliver blood to the myocardium. Most commonly causes by arteriosclerosis. Signs are anginal paid, shortness of breath, diaphoresis (excessive sweating), pallor.

Lumen

– tubular space or channel within an organ, artery, vein, intestine or tube

Aneurysmorraphy

– aneurysm/o suture of an aneurism

Atheroma

– ather/o fatty plaque builds up on the inner lining of arterial walls

Embolectomy

– embol/o remove plug in blood vessel

Hemangioma

– Hemangi/o strawberry marks benign

MI

– Myocardial infarction

Sphygmoid

– sphygm/o pulse like

Thrombolysis

– thromb/o enzymes that destroy blood clots are infused into the occluded vessel

Ischemia

– decrease of oxygen in the heart muscle resulting from circulatory obstruction

Aneurysm

– local dilation of an artery that may cause thrombus formation, hemorrhage from rupture, or ischemia.

Varicose Veins

– twisted/enlarged veins caused by blood pooling when valves weaken

Sclerotherapy

– injects an agent that hardens and eventually destroys the varicose veins

Arrhythmia

– inability of the heart to maintain normal sinus rhythm; also called dysrhythmia

Embolus

– mass of undissolved matter circulating in the blood until it becomes lodged in a vessel

Hypertension

– persistently elevated blood pressure that exceeds a systolic 140 mm Hg or a diasolic pressure of 90 mm Hg

Infarct

– area of tissue that undergoes necrosis following cessation of blood supply

Stent

– slender, threadlike device used to hold open vessels, tubes, or obstructed arteries

CABG

– Coronary artery bypass – surgical tx for CAD. Grafted vessel anastomosed around a blocked segment of the coronary artery

PTCA

– Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty balloon catheter inserted through a small incision placed a the site of a plaque.

Angioplasty

– endovascular procedure using a balloon catheter to reopen the narrowed blood vessels and restore blood flow.

Endarterectomy

– procedure to remove plaque from inner lining of carotid artery.

Ultrasonography

– imaging procedure using sound waves

Doppler US

– helps dx blood clots, valvular disorders, arterial occlusions ,and aneurysms.

ECHO

– uses transducer on the chest to direct ultra HF sound waves and reflects on monitor

ECG, EKG

– short test that records electrical impulses of the heart using electrodes placed on the body

Electrocardiography

– process of recording the electrical activity of the heart

Holter monitor test

– ECG that records electrical activity for 24 – 48 hours

Stress test

– ECG under controlled exercise stress conditions

ICD

– implantable cardioverter-defibrillator monitors heart rate and corrects tachy/brady with jolt of electricity

AICD

automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

AAA

– abdominal aortic aneurysm

AE

– adverse event

CK

– creatine kinase, conductive keratoplasty

• CK-MB

reatine kinase MB

DVT

– deep vein thrombosis

HDL

– high density lipoprotein

HTN

hypertension

Cardiac Catheterization

– catheter guided into the heart via a vein or an artery for diagnosis purposes

Coronary Angiography

– Radiological procedure that visualizes coronary arteries under fluoroscopic guidance administers contrast medium to facilitate imaging.

Ven/o/graphy

– process of recording (radiography) a vein

Aort/o/graphy

– process of recording (radiography) the aorta.

Valvul/o/plasty

– surgical repair of a valve

Cardiac enzyme test

– measures presence and number of specific enzymes released into the bloodstream by the heart when it is damaged or under stress to ID a possible MI.

PTT

– blood test to measure time it takes for a clot to form

Troponin I and troponin T

– measures level of two proteins released into bloodstream by damaged cardiac muscle cells and is a highly sensitive and specific indicator of MI.

Thrombolytic

– dissolves a blood clot

Statin

– reduces cholesterol levels

Nitrate

– reduces tightening chest pain

Beta Blocker

– reduces blood pressure