Cognitive Psychology - Reconstructive Memory

Flashcards based on lecture notes about reconstructive memory theory by Bartlett (1932).

Schema

A structured framework or blueprint that helps organise and interpret information; a mental model or framework used to understand the world.

Reconstructive Memory (Bartlett, 1932)

Memory is not a passive or true record; instead, it is an active construction based on schemas a person possesses.

Encoding

Memory is distorted during this phase.

Reconstructive Memory

Recalled material is rebuilt and can be affected by extra information and pre-existing ideas like schemas.

Bartlett's Belief About Memory

We change our memories to fit in with what we already know.

Aim of 'War of the Ghosts' Study (Bartlett, 1932)

To investigate how memory is reconstructed when people are asked to recall something repeatedly and to see how cultural expectations affect memory.

Results of 'War of the Ghosts' Study

Participants found it difficult to remember parts of the story concerned with spirits and altered other parts to make more sense to them, shortening the story and fitting it into their own experiences and culture.

Conclusion of 'War of the Ghosts' Study

If given something unfamiliar to remember, we alter the information because our memory is influenced by our own beliefs and what we are used to.

Processes in Interpreting and Recalling Information (Confabulation)

Omission, rationalisation, transformation, and familiarisation.

Reconstructive Memory (Bartlett)

Memories are reconstructed each time they are recalled, showing a subjective memory construction based on previous knowledge and expectations.

Bartlett’s Finding Regarding 'War of the Ghosts'

The story became shorter and simplified; many rationalized the role of the ghosts; cultural phrases were transformed, and unfamiliar details were familiarized.

The Theory of Reconstructive Memory

Memory is inaccurate, influenced by social and cultural factors, and involves effort after meaning.

Bartlett's (1932) Study - Supporting Evidence

Demonstrates the existence of reconstructive memory through the 'War of the Ghosts' study.

Loftus & Palmer (1974)

Illustrates reconstructive memory and how it is influenced by questioning techniques (leading questions).

Results of Loftus and Palmer (1974) study

As the intensity of verb increased, the estimate of speed also increased (leading questions).

Credibility (Weakness of Reconstructive Memory)

Bartlett’s research lacked standardised procedures and objectivity, making it difficult to compare reproductions.

Wynn and Logie (1998) - Familiar Stories

Memories for familiar events may not change over time.

Alternative Explanation or flashbulb memory (Weakness of Reconstructive Memory)

Not all memories are inaccurate; personally important or distinctive events may be accurately recalled.

Application of Reconstructive Memory

Eye witness testimonies are not reliable due the influences of schema and memory reconstruction, convictions cannot be based on EWT alone. The cognitive interview has also been developed to increase accuracy of memory.