APLANG Unit 1 Test

Logical Fallacies

potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument

Fallacies of Relevance

Red Herring, Faulty Analogy

Fallacies of Accuracy

Straw man , Either/or, Equivocation

Fallacies of Insufficiency

Hasty Generalization, Circular Reasoning

Red Herring

The speaker skips to new and irrelevant topics to avoid the topic or as a distraction

Ad Hominem Fallacy

Diversionary tactic of switching form the issue to the character of the other speaker

Faulty Analogy

2 things that are not comparable - dissimilarities outweigh the similarities

Straw Man Fallacy

Speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example to ridicule refute opposition point of view

Either/Or Fallacy - False Dilemma

2 extreme options as the only possible choice

Equivocation

Intentionally misleads the audience by using words with double or ambiguous meaning

Hasty Generalization

Not enough evidence to support conclusion

Circular Reasoning

Repeating the claim as a way to provide evidence

Deductive Reasoning

logical approach where you progress from general ideas to specific conclusions

Inductive Reasoning

Moving from specific instances or observations to broader generalizations

Ethos

Credibility and trust; largely about the speaker

Pathos

emotions and imagination; about the audience

Logos

Consistency and logic; about the subject

Anaphora

Repetition or phase at the beginning of multiple clauses or sentences - emphasis

Chiasmus

Words/concepts repeated in reverse order

Imagery

Language that appeals to senses

Anecdote

Very short story that is significant to the topic by adding personal knowledge or experiences

Allusion

Passing reference; forcing author to assume something about the audience

Analogy

Shows how 2 things are alike → show and explain

Synechdoche

Uses parts to represent the whole or vice versa; can also refer to mentioning whole part but mean specific parts

Rhetorical Question

Question where the answer is implied; engages and makes the reader think

Syllepsis

Use of a word in the same grammatical relation to 2 adjacent words

Speaker

Who wrote it?

Purpose

What is the speaker hoping to accomplish?

Audience

Who is the text intended for?

Context

What is happening around the world?

Exigence

What is the speakers motivation?

Choices

Means to accomplish their purpose (last line)

Appeals

Credibility, emotion, logic and connection to audience

Tone(s)

What is the speakers attitude?

CHORES

Current events, history, outside knowledge, reading, experiences, science