Sooo Study (Baby)

A sauropod hip arrangement

pubis and ischium are spread apart

Sauropodomorph means

Sauropod-shape

defining characteristics of sauropods

Long necks and tails, small skulls, nares on top of head

Where have sauropod fossils been found?

all continents

Sauropods exhibit two distinct skull morphologies based on which two dinosaurs?

Diplodocus and Camarasaurus

Brachiosaurus was an unusual sauropod because

Its forelimbs are longer than its hind limbs

Titanosaurs lived in the

Late Cretaceous

what was the earliest sauropodomorph

Plateosaurus

Plateosaurus lived

late Triassic

what is not an advantage of gigantism?

Ability to run fast

Sauropods lightened their bodies by

having air sacs in their neck vertebrae

Rapid growth rate in sauropods was shown using

Thin sections of bone

Ectothermy is another name for

cold blooded

Macronarians and Diplodocids had different types of teeth. What does this tell us about them?

They were both herbivores but ate different diets

mesotherms

Raise their body temperature above that of the surrounding air, but do not "defend" a certain temperature.

Pachycephalosaurs are distinguished from Ceratopsia by their

thickened dome

Which of the following IS characteristic of Pachycephalosaurus?

bony dome and knobs and spikes on the head

The last major clade of dinosaurs to evolve was the

Ceratopsians (triCERATOPS)

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of Ceratopsians?

bipedal

Which of the hip structures below could belong to a triceratops?

Pubis and ischium are close

Marginocephalia means

ridged head (triceratops)

Which of the following is an argument FOR ectothermy in sauropods

All living reptiles are ectotherms

An ectothermic animal

derives its body heat from the surrounding air

Arguments for endothermy

Active lifestyle, large size, large chest capacity, internal bone structure, insulation

Brachiosaurus

The general name for the group containing Spinosaurs, Megalosaurs, Carcharodonts, Allosaurs, and Tyrannosaurs is

Giant Carnivores

Coelurosaurs are NOT characterized by

small brain (big brain energy)

The first theropods appeared in the

Triassic (t-rex)

The fused collar bones characteristic of theropods is called a

Furcula

The terrestrial animal with the strongest bite force was

T Rex

Theropods are NOT characterized by which of the following?

quadrupedal locomotion

Tyrannosaurids are found in rocks of what age?

Late Cretaceous

Tyrannosaurids are characterized by

skull modifications, massive neck muscles, D-shaped teeth

Theropods are found in which geologic time periods below?

Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous

What discovery suggested to paleontologists that Spinosaurus was a good swimmer?

Caudal (tail) vertebrae with large spines on top

Archaeopteryx fossils have only been found in

Germany

The largest number of bird fossils are

Cretaceous water birds because that's the best place for preservation

Which of the following characteristics is an evolutionary innovation that is characteristic of birds ONLY?

deep-keeled sternum

When unrelated species develop similar behaviors or features in order to solve similar problems it is called

convergent evolution

One of the big problems in the classification of birds is

Birds were originally classified using only the features of living birds.

Which of the following features apply to both birds and dinosaurs?

feathers, backward pointing pubis, furcula, bipedal, complex respiratory system

An animal is a dinosaur if it is a member of the least inclusive that includes both Passer domesticus and which animal below?

Triceratops horridus

Deinonychosaurs

What is different from other theropods about Deinonychosaurs' pubis?

It tilts backward

What features gives positive proof that velociraptor had feathers?

Quill knobs

The hyper-extendable claw of Deinonychosaurs is on which digit?

2

Which of the animals below was the largest deinonychosaur?

Utahraptor

Ornithomimuds, Alvarezsaurids, Therizinisaurs and Oviraptors were all

derived theropods

Pigments found in dinosaur fossils suggest dinosaurs had which color in their feathers?

Red

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Deinonychosaurs?

small eyes and brain

Some paleontologists infer that Troodon had good night vision because

it had very large eyes

Crested dinosaurs may have used their crests for

signaling

A facultative quadruped

Prefers to walk on two legs but can walk on four

Which of the following do NOT contribute to better food processing in Hadrosaurs?

elongated nares

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hadrosaurs?

thumb spike on the first digit of hand

One good piece of evidence for hadrosaur migration is

huge trackways

The premaxilla in the hadrosaur

forms the duck bill

The features separating Hadrosaurs from Iguanodonts were mostly related to

More efficient food gathering

Hadrosaurs were most common in the

Late Cretaceous

The main differences between Iguanodonts and Hadrosaurs are related to

increased efficiency in digestion

Iguanodonts are

Primitive ornithopods

Gideon Mantell's "nose spike" on Iguanodonts really belongs where?

First digit of the hand

ornithopod characteristics

Huge size, bird-shaped feet with hooves, leaf-shaped teeth, complex skull features

The clade Ornithopoda is comprised of

Iguanodonts and Hadrosaurs

Nests set in sequential layers in the rock suggest

Maiasaura adults returned to the same place to lay their eggs

Large, closely-packed tooth batteries are characteristic of

Hadrosaurs

Non-avian dinosaurs

Mesozoic terrestrial reptiles that walked with an upright stance

Walter and Luis Alvarez are the authors of what important dinosaur information?

investigations that indicated a bolide impact resulted in dinosaur extinction

Location of Chicxulub Crater

Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

Deccan Traps

huge lava flows in the late Cretaceous in India

fern spike

an increase in the number of ferns just after the end-Cretaceous extinction

why is iridium important

it is only found in great quantities in meteorites or comets

The iridium layer found globally is an indication of

a bolide impact causing the end-cretaceous mass extinction

Bolide impact evidence

Tektites, shocked quartz, and tsunami deposits

Best way to survive end-cretaceous extinction

be small or live in freshwater

Effects of volcanism

acid rain, poisonous gases and particulate matter in atmosphere

background extinction

extinction that goes on all the time

What percentage of terrestrial animals went extinct during the end-cretaceous?

40%

mass extinction

rate of extinction rises significantly above background extinction in a short time

Parasaurolophus

triceratops

Ankylosaurus