LIE DETECTION

TRIAL BY COMBAT

The aggrieved party claimed the right to fight the alleged offender or to pay a champion to fight for him. The victor is said to win not by his own strength but because of supernatural powers that had intervened on the side of the right, as in the duel in the European Ages in which the 1-2 2 “judgment of God was thought to determine the winner” . If still alive after the combat, the loser might be hanged or burned for a criminal offense or have a hand cut off and property confiscated in civil actions.

TRIAL BY ORDEAL

A judicial practice by which the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting them to a painful task. If either the task is completed without injury, or the injuries sustained are healed quickly, the accused is considered innocent. In medieval Europe, like trial by combat, it was considered as Judicium Dei: a procedure based on the premise that God would help the innocent by performing a miracle on their behalf. The word “ordeal” was derived from the Medieval Latin word “Dei Indicum” which means “a miraculous decision” .

RED HOT IRON ORDEAL

Practiced in the hill tribe of Rajhmal in North Bengal. The accused had to carry a bar of red hot iron in his hands while he walked 9 marked paces. In the unlikely event of no burns appearing on his hands, he was adjudged innocent. Otherwise, he was promptly hanged. A variation of licking the rod-hot iron sometimes, the suspect had to run barefoot over nine red-hot plowshares. The hand or foot was bound up and inspected 3 days afterwards. If the accused had escaped unhurt, the person was pronounced innocent, if hurt the person is guilty.

ORDEAL OF BALANCE

Practiced in the institute of Vishnu, India. A scale of balance is used, in one end of the scale, the accused is placed and in the other end a counter balance. The person will step out of the scale and listen to a judge to deliver an exhortation on the balance and get back in. If he was found lighter than before then he should be acquitted

ORDEAL OF WATER

In this type of ordeal, the water was symbolic of the flood of the Old Testament, washing sin from the face of the earth, allowing only the righteous minority to survive. There are two kinds of ordeal by water the boiling water and of cold water. Ordeal of water was the usual mode of trial allowed to members of the lower classes.

Boiling Water Ordeal

According to the laws of Athelstan, the first King of England, the ordeal consisted of lifting a stone out of the boiling water with the hand plunged as deep as the wrist. More serious offences demanded that arm was submerged up to the elbows. The burn was bandaged for 3 days before fateful examination. One place in Cordillera still practice boiling water ordeal but it is performed by various rituals. This ordeal is administered to the accused of being a thief.

Cold Water Ordeal

The usual mode of trial for witchcraft. In this ordeal, the accused was tied at the feet and hands and was lowered to cold water by rop

ORDEAL BY RICE CHEWING

Indians practiced this ordeal. It was formed with a kind of rice called sathee, prepared with various incantations. The person on trial eats the sathee, with the face to the east and then spits upon a pea leaf. If saliva is mixed with blood or the corner of his mouth swells or he trembles, he is declared to be a liar.

ORDEAL OF THE RED WATER

In a wide region of Eastern Africa, the ordeal of the sassy bark or red water is used. The accused is made to fast for twelve hours, and then swallows a small amount of rice. Then he will be imbedded in dark colored water. The water is actually emetic and if the suspect ejects all rice, he is considered innocent of the charge. Otherwise, the accused is guilty.

ORDEAL OF THE BLESSED BREAD

priest puts the corsnaed or hallowed bread in the mouth of the accused, with various imprecations. If the accused swallowed it he was freed from punishment

TEST OF THE EUCHARIST

This was applied chiefly among the clergy and monks. When they took the host it was believed that God would smite the guilty with sickness or death. Others believed that if the accused is innocent, when given a poisonous drink for him to take in, Angel Gabriel will descend from heaven to prevent the accused from taking in the poisonous drink

ORDEAL OF THE BIER

It was an ancient belief that the slain dead could point out the killer. In England, it was usual for the accused to approached the bier on the which the corpse lays. In view of the witness, the wounds of the victim were observed to see if they began to bleed again.

ORDEAL OF THE NEEDLE

A red-hot needle was drawn through the lips of the alleged criminal and if blood flowed from the wound, he was deemed guilty, but if none, he is innocent. Wanaka in Eastern Africa practiced this ordeal.

ORDEAL BY HEAT AND FIRE

The accused walked barefooted over coals of fire, or was made to walk through fire. If he was unharmed by fire he was considered innocent.

TRIAL OF THE CROSS

The accuser and the accused were placed under the cross with their arms extended or crosswise and the first to move his hands or suffer them to fall was held guilty.

TRIAL OF THE WAXEN SHIRT

4 The accused was dressed in a cloth covered with wax and walked barefoot over coals of fire. If he was unhurt by the fire and the wax did not melt, he was considered innocent.

HEREDITARY SIEVE METHOD

Hans Gross “Father of Criminalistics” , wrote in his famous book in Criminal Investigation in which beans were thrown into a sieve as the name of the suspect was called, mentioned this ordeal. If the beans jumped out of the sieve, the owner of the sieve is innocent. If the beans remained in the sieve the person named is a thief.

THE SACRED ASS

A donkey was placed in a dimly lit tent or room. Its tail had been covered with lampblack. All suspects of an offense were instructed to pass through the enclosure and while going through they were to grasp the donkey’s tail. They were also told that the donkey would bray when touched by the guilty person.

ORDEAL OF THE TIGER

Practiced in Siam, the accused and accuser are placed on a cage of a tiger: if the tiger spare one of them he is considered innocent.

Trial by Combat
Trial by Ordeal
Trial by Jury
Trial by Torture

EARLY FORMS OF TRIAL

Burma

The Ordeal of Divination is being practiced in this country, whereby it involves 2 parties being furnished with candles of equal size and lighted simultaneously the owner of the candle that outlast the other is adjudged to have won his causes.

Madagascar

Legal authorities practiced trial by ordeal. The supposed criminal was made to drink a decoction, a poisonous fruit called “tangena” , a small dose is fatal.

Borneo

The accuser and accused were presented with shellfish placed on a plate. An irritating fluid was then poured on the shellfish and the litigantwhose shellfish moved first was adjudged the winner.

Greece

A suspended axe was spun at the center of a group of suspects. When the axe stopped, whoever was in the line with the blade as supposed to be guilty out by the Divine Providence.

Nigeria

The priest greaseda cock’s featherand pierced the tongue of the accused.If the feather passed through the tongue easily, the accused was deemed innocent. If not, the accused is guilty. Another method practiced into the same country is the pouringof corrosive liquid into the eyes of the accusedwho was supposed to be unharmedif innocent. Pouringof boiling oil over the hand of the accusedwith the usual requisites for guilt or innocence is also practiced.

Ayur Veda

“Hindu book of health and science” the earliest known reference of the methods for detecting deception.

POLYGRAPHY

is the scientific method of detecting deception with the use or aid of a Polygraph instrument

POLYGRAPH

is an instrument or device capable of recording internal bodily changes, such as blood pressure/pulse rates,respiration,electro-dermal properties of the skin or the Galvanic Skin-Reflex (GSR), which are indicative of emotional excitement especially of lying, when questioned

LIE

untruthful statement, falsehood, anything that deceives or creates false impression

DECEPTION

is an act of decieving or misleading usually accompanied by lying

DETECTION

is an act of discovery of existence, presence of fact or something hidden or obscure

FEAR

is emotional response to specific danger that appears to beyond a person's defensive

STIMULUS

is a force or motion reaching the organism and excites the receptors

REACTION

it is an action in mental attitude evokes by external stimulus

RESPONSE

is an activity or inhibition of the previous activity of an organism resulting from stimulation

SPECIFIC RESPONSE

is any deviation from the normal tracing of the subject

NORMAL TRACING

is a tracing on the chart wherein the subject answered in the irrelevant question

POLYGRAPH EXAMINER

is someone who is capable of detecting deception and verifying the truthfulness of a statement through the use of polygraph instrument. Is someone who has successfully completed formal education and training in conducting polygraph examination and is certified by his agency to conduct such examination.

SUBJECT

is any person who undergoes polygraph examination

POLYGRAPH MACHINE

it is a sensitive machine which is likened or compared to an X- ray which requires proper interpretation for validation and its accuracy is said to be directly proportional to the knowledge, skills, education, desire, competency, and integrity of the operator. Hence, the attitude of the "let's put them on the lie box", should be firmly discouraged .

CHART/POLYGRAMS

refers to the composite records of pneumograph, galvanograph and cardiosphymograph tracings recorded from series of questions.

POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

a process that encompasses all activities that takes place between a polygraph examiner and an examinee during a specific series of interactions. For a valid polygraph examination to exist respiration, EDA, and cardiovascular activity must be monitored and recorded.

CONFESSION

voluntary statement made by a person and given to proper authorities wherein he acknowledges himself to be guilty of an offense and disclose circumstances of his felonious acts.

ADMISSION

is self-incriminating statement falling short of acknowledgement of guilt

PSYCHOLOGY

is the study of human behavior. Characteristics are influence by heredity and environment. Heredity is the transmission of physical and mental traits to offspring

ENVIRONMENT

is the sum total of dissimulation that a person acquired from the time it was conceived. Physical characteristics are influence by heredity, behavioral pattern, personality traits and knowledge

EMOTIONS

is an acute disturbance of individual as a whole, psychological in origin, involving behavior conscious experience and visceral functioning

STRESS

is described as physiological response of the body to any demand to place it

White Lie

intended to protect or maintain harmonious relationship

Pathological lie

lie made by a person who can't distinguish right or wrong

Red lie

lie that purports to destroy other ideologies by means of propaganda and brainwashing

Black Lie

intruiging to cause dishonor or discredit ones' good image

Judicial Lie

intended to mislead or obstruct justice. Example perjury, false testimonies of false witnesses .

Fabrication

misrepresentation of truth

Bold face lie

obviously lying

Lying by omission

failure to correct misconception, omission of important fact

Lie to children

to make an adult subject acceptable to children

Noble lie

to maintain law, order and safety

Emergency lie

to prevent harm to third party

Perjury

false testimony under oath

Bluffing

pretending to have capabilities

Jocose lie

meant in jest; teasing

Contextual lie

stating part of truth out of context

Promotion lies

incredible advertisements

Panic liars

to avoid consequences of confession. Afraid of embarassment

Occupation liars

lies when it has a higher pay off

Tournament liars

loves to lie

Psychopathic liars

most difficult type; no conscience, regret and manifestation of guilt

Ethnological liars

taught not to squeal

Pathological liars

unable to tell right from wrong

Black liar

always pretend what they are and what they think

Four Factor Model

there are four underlying things happening when peoplte lie.

Information Manipulation Theory

in order to persuade or deceive a person may break one of the four conversation maxims to persuade.

Interpersonal Deception Theory

lying is a dynamic dance of liar and listener

Placebo Effect

People often believe and respond to fake things as if they are real (like fake medicine making someone feel better because they believe it works).

Physiological arousal

Lying can cause increased heart rate, sweating, or nervous behavior.

Emotional reactions

Guilt, fear, or excitement may be triggered while lying.

Cognitive effort

Lying requires more mental effort than telling the truth because you must create and maintain a false story.

Attempted control

People often try to control their behavior to avoid detection, but these efforts can appear unnatural.

Nocebo Effect

Instead of positive effects from believing something fake is good, the effect happens when people experience negative outcomes because they believe something false is harmful or dangerous—even when it is harmless.

Somatic Nervous System

involve with voluntary comparative over skeletal muscles

Autonomic Nervous System

involved those involuntary physiological functions of the body and has considerable psychological impact as well

Sympathetic ANS

is our emergency, or action system which causes the sudden and dramatic change

Parasympathetic ANS

the housekeeping or breaking system it is responsible for conserving energy and making sure necessary bodily functions. Restrain sympathetic arousal and attempt to maintan homeostatic normal.

Homeostasis

is complex interactive regulatory system by which the body strives to maintain a state of internal equilibrium.

Hypothalamus

is a series of groups of nerve cells of the brain that control the entire endocrine-hormonal system.

Fight,Flight,Freeze

are the three stereotype behavioral response to threat, sometimes simply called F3. The physiological responses concomitant to these behaviors are the same, namely mobilizing bodily resources for an expenditure of energy , and narrowing attention and focus to the feature of the threat.

Epinephrine

is the hormonal stimulator of the sympathetic nervous system. It acts to constrict peripheral blood flow, raise blood presssure, increase cardiac activity , promote metabolic activity through the release of glucose, and inhibit dogestive processes.

Norepinephrine

is a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland, it works alongside with epinephrine/adrenaline to give the body sudden energy in times of stress, known as the "fight or flight" response.

Noradrenaline

Norepinephrine in British

Adrenaline

Epinephrine in British

95 to 100

The accuracy of the polygraph results ranges from

Victim or Complainant

Witness

Suspects

Three General Types of Subjects

GAZE AVERSION

Inability to look straight in the eye or what we called

barbiturates

The term truth serum is a popular name for drugs more properly known as

Word Association Technique

A list of stimulus and non- stimulus words are read to the subject who is instructed to answer as quickly as possible. The answers to the questions may be a “yes” or a “no”.

Psychological Stress Evaluation

detects, measures, and graphically displays the voice modulations that we cannot hear.

Narcoanalysis

Psychiatric sodium amytal / sodium penthotal- drug casues depression of the inhibitory mechanism of the brain and the subjects talks freely.

Intoxication with alcohol

The apparent stimulation effect of alcohol is really the result of control mechanism of the brain, so alcohol, like the truth serum and narcoanalytic drugs “inhibit the inhibitor”.

in wine there is truth

In Vino Veritas