Study Guide for Unit Two Test Setup of test Multiple Choice (35) Short Answer (Choose 1 out of 3 options, use evidence in your response) Overarching questions for Unit Two ● What is civilization? How did it develop? What separates civilization from “alternatives” to that? ● What are the benefits or disadvantages of encounters among civilizations? ● How did technological advancement increase trade, and how did trade increase technological advancement? ● How did different religious and philosophical systems grow and spread in this time? ● What is the relationship in different locations between religions and politics with social stratification? ● How did gender roles in the community change during this period of history or vary from society to society? ● Compare and contrast societies of Eurasia, Africa, and the Americas Important Terms Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 ● Confucianism ● Daoism ● Legalism ● Filial Piety ● Wen vs. Wu ● Daodejing ● Upanishads ● V edas ● Samsara ● Moksha ● Karma ● Laws of Manu ● Nirvana ● Theravada Buddhism ● Mahayana Buddhism ● Bodhisattvas ● Nalanda (TEXTBOOK) ● Confucian Civil Service Exam ● Social Stratification in China (life of peasants v. landlord class) ● Y ellow Turban Rebellion ● Caste & varna, social stratification ● Levels of caste (don’t need to know names, just groups) ● Jati ● Greek and ● Religion in Axum ● Coptic Christianity ● Trade in Axum ● Trade and agriculture in Niger River V alley ● Religion and political life in the Maya (ritual examples) ● Mayan innovations ● Collapse of the Maya ● Unique features of Teotihuacan ● Trade in Americas ● Social complexity in Oceania (TEXTBOOK) ● Importance of the Silk Road ● What dif civilizations bring to/want from Silk Road trade ● Role of pastoral people on Silk Road ● Dangers on Silk Road ● Gender roles and silk in China ● Importance of Silk ● Buddhism and Silk Road ● Islam and Silk Road ● Role of merchants in dif societies ● Disease and Silk Road ● Sea Road/India ● Malay sailors ● Junk ● Srivijaya ● Straits of Malacca ● Mahabarata, Ramayana, Bhagavad Gita ● Zoroastrianism ● Sassanid Dynasty ● Israel ● Hebrews ● Monotheism ● Socrates, Plato, Aristotle ● Greek Reason and its spread under Alexander the Great ● Compare and Contrast spread of Christianity and Buddhism Roman slavery ● European vs. Asian slavery ● Spartacus ● Gender roles in Rome ● Gender Roles in China ● Empress Wu ● Gender roles in Athens vs. Sparta ● Changes in Gender roles over time ● Khmer Angkor ● Angkor Wat ● Champa (TEXTBOOK) ● Borobudur ● Swahili ● Trans- Saharan Trade ● Ghana, Mali, Songhay ● Trade- Maya, Inca, Aztec ● Cahokia (TEXTBOOK) ● Trade differences in East, West, and Central Africa Important People ● Qin Shihuangdi ● Confucious ● Sidhartha Gautma/ the Buddha ● Compare/Contrast Jesus Christ and the Buddha ● Socrates, Plato, Aristotle ● Wu Di ● Wang Mang ● Empress Wu ● Aspasia ● Ashoka Important Concepts Chapter 4 1. What different answers to the problem of disorder arose in classical China? 2. Why has Confucianism been defined as a “humanistic philosophy” rather than a supernatural religion? 3. How did the Daoist outlook differ from that of Confucianism? 4. In what ways did the religious traditions of South Asia change over the centuries? 5. In what ways did Buddhism reflect Hindu traditions, and in what ways did it challenge them? 6. What is the difference between the Theravada and Mahayana expressions of Buddhism? 7. What new emphases characterized Hinduism as it responded to the challenge of Buddhism? 8. What aspects of Zoroastrianism and Judaism were similar and different? 9. What was distinctive about the Jewish religious tradition? 10. What are the distinctive features of the Greek intellectual tradition? 11. How would you compare the lives and teachings of Jesus and the Buddha? In what different ways did the two religions evolve after the deaths of their founders? 12. In what ways was Christianity transformed in its first several centuries? Chapter 5 1. How would you characterize the social hierarchy of China during the second-wave era? 2. What class conflicts disrupted Chinese society? 3. What set of ideas underlies India’s caste-based society? 4. What is the difference between varna and jati as expressions of caste? 5. How did the inequalities of slavery differ from those of caste? 6. How did Greco-Roman slavery differ from that of other classical civilizations? 7. In what ways did the expression of Chinese patriarchy change over time, why did it change? 8. How did the patriarchies of Athens and Sparta differ from each other? Chapter 6 1. What similarities and differences are noticeable among the major continents of the world? 2. How did the history of Meroë and Axum reflect interaction with neighboring civilizations? 3. How does the experience of the Niger Valley challenge conventional notions of “civilization”? 4. With what Eurasian civilizations might the Maya be compared? 5. In what ways did T eotihuacán shape the history of Mesoamerica? 6. What was the significance of Wari and Tiwanaku in the history of Andean civilization? Chapter 7 1. What lay behind the emergence of Silk Road commerce, and what kept it going for so many centuries? 2. What made silk such a highly desired commodity across Eurasia? 3. What were the major economic, social, and cultural consequences of Silk Road commerce? 4. What accounted for the spread of Buddhism along the Silk Roads? 5. What was the impact of disease along the Silk Roads? 6. What lay behind the flourishing of Indian Ocean commerce in the postclassical millennium? 7. In what ways did Indian influence register in Southeast Asia? 8. What was the role of Swahili civilization in the world of Indian Ocean commerce? 9. What changes did trans-Saharan trade bring to West Africa? 10. In what ways did networks of interaction in the Western Hemisphere differ from those in the Eastern Hemisphere

Silk Road

A vast network of trade routes established during the Han Dynasty that connected the East to the West.

Han Dynasty

A Chinese dynasty that lasted from 206 BCE to 220 CE, during which the Silk Road was established.

Commodities

Valuable goods traded along the Silk Road, including silk, spices, tea, and porcelain.

Cultural Exchange

The process of sharing ideas, beliefs, and customs between different cultures along the Silk Road.

Key Cities of the Silk Road

Included Xi'an, Samarkand, and Constantinople, which were major trading hubs.

Buddhism

One of the religions that spread along the Silk Road due to cultural exchanges.

Zoroastrianism

An ancient religion that was propagated through traders on the Silk Road.

Maritime Trade Routes

Trade routes over the sea that became more important than the Silk Road in the late Middle Ages.

Papermaking

An innovation that spread from East to West via the Silk Road.

Compass

A navigational instrument whose advancement was influenced by exchanges on the Silk Road.

Distance of Silk Road

More than 4,000 miles long, comprising a series of interconnected trade routes.

Exotic Goods

Unique items like spices and precious metals that were exchanged along the Silk Road.

Cultural Interactions

The interactions between different societies and cultures facilitated by trade on the Silk Road.

Legacy of the Silk Road

Continues to influence trade and cultural exchange across regions to this day.

Trade Network

A system of trade connections that enable the exchange of goods and services.

Spread of Islam

One of the significant influences that traveled along the Silk Road through traders.

Precious Metals

Gold and silver items that were commonly traded along the Silk Road.

Tea

A popular beverage that was traded on the Silk Road, showcasing cultural elements.

Porcelain

A valuable ceramic item that constituted significant trade along the Silk Road.

Xi'an

An ancient city in China and a key trading hub on the Silk Road.

Samarkand

A major city on the Silk Road located in present-day Uzbekistan.

Constantinople

A critical trade city on the Silk Road that connected Europe and Asia.

Interconnected Routes

The multiple pathways combined to form the wider Silk Road network.

Cultural Diffusion

The process by which cultures spread and exchange through trade along the Silk Road.

Technology Transfer

The sharing of technological innovations such as papermaking and the compass along the Silk Road.

Value of Silk

Silk was one of the most valuable commodities traded on the Silk Road.

Cultural Legacy

The lasting impact of the Silk Road on various cultures and societies.

Silk Road Decline

The decrease in the Silk Road's importance due to the rise of maritime trade.

Spices

Flavors and preservatives that were highly traded along the Silk Road.

Precious Goods

Items of high value that were sought after on Silk Road routes.

Cultural Influence

The effect of shared ideas and practices among traders and travelers along the Silk Road.

Trade Hubs

Cities that became central points for commerce and trade on the Silk Road.

Religious Exchange

The transmission of religious beliefs like Buddhism and Islam via the Silk Road.

Economic Development

Growth and expansion of economies that were influenced by Silk Road trade.

Interaction of Cultures

How different cultures communicated and influenced each other along the Silk Road.

Artistic Exchange

The sharing and merging of artistic ideas and styles along the Silk Road.

Ancient Civilizations

Historical cultures that engaged in trade and cultural exchanges along the Silk Road.

Diversified Goods

A variety of products exchanged on the Silk Road, indicating a wide-reaching trade network.

Silk Production

The process of making silk, which was integral to the trade along the Silk Road.

Caravan Trade

Groups of traders who traveled together on the Silk Road to exchange goods.

Influence of Geography

How the terrain and environment along the Silk Road affected trade routes and methods.

Cultural Integration

The absorption of diverse cultures due to interactions along the Silk Road.

Silk Road Map

Visual representation of the trade routes that comprised the Silk Road.

Communication via Trade

The exchange of ideas and culture facilitated through trade on the Silk Road.

Historical Importance

The significance of the Silk Road in shaping trade and cultural exchanges in history.

Cross-Cultural Connections

Links formed between different cultures as a result of the Silk Road trading network.

Merchant Class

A social class that arose due to trade activities along the Silk Road.

Political Influence

Dynamics of power that were affected by the trading relationships of the Silk Road.