bio ch. 7

What percent of whole blood do white blood cells comprise?

1%

What are the main functions of all white blood cells?

1. protection from infection

2. regulation of the inflammatory

Which white blood cells fall under Granulocytes and which fall under Agranulocytes?

- Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

- Agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes

what is the function of a neutrophil?

first on the scene to fight infection by engulfing microorganisms

what is the function of an eosinophil?

defends against large parasites (worms) and moderate the severity of allergic reactions

what is the function of a basophil?

granules contain histamine which plays a role in inflammation/allergic reactions

what is the function of a monocyte?

leave the blood andtransform into macrophages in tissues

what is the function of a lymphocyte?

leave the blood and transform into macrophages in tissues

hemostasis

A process that stops blood loss

What formed element in the blood initiates the clotting process?

platelets or thrombocytes

What are the three phases of hemostasis? Describe each.

1. Vascular spasm: constriction of blood vessels to reduce blood flow

2. Platelet plug formation: sealing of the ruptured blood vessel

3. Coagulation: formation of a blood clot

Hemophilia

bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency of one or more clotting proteins

how many clotting proteins are involved in the coagulation step of hemostasis?

12 different clotting proteins

A tear or breach in the vessel directly activates platelets to form plug and release what?

prothrombin activator

What plasma protein is cleaved by the activator released from the platelets? And when its cleaved what is the protein converted to?

Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin (plasma protein) to thrombin (active enzyme)

The product from above, is now an active enzyme. What does this enzyme cleave to produce the sticky insoluble fibrin?

Thrombin converts fibrinogen (soluble plasma protein) to fibrin (insoluble fibers)

What function does the insoluble sticky fibrin carry out to complete the clot formation?

Mass of fibrin, platelets, trapped RBCs forms blood clot

blood transfusion

administration of blood directly into bloodstream of another person

antigen

a substance that triggers an immune response by the body

What is a self-antigen and a non-self antigen?

Self: the antigens present on a person's own cells, which the immune system normally ignores; Non-self: foreign antigen coming from outside the body, like a pathogen, that triggers an immune response

Define an antibody. What antigen does an antibody attack, self or non-self?

a defensive protein made by the body, directed against specific antigens (non-self)

What do antibodies accomplish once bound to antigens?

Antibodies may clump and inactivate antigen-bearing cells

What on the Red blood cell membrane determines blood type?

The antigen on the RBC surface determines the blood type

What general blood type antigens does an individual's antibodies attack?

individuals have antibodies against the antigens NOT on their own red blood cells

What happens if an individual receives a blood transfusion with non-self red blood cell antigens?

If the recipient of a blood transfusion has antibodies against the donated cells, a severe, possibly fatal, reaction may occur

Fill in what antibodies will be made in the individual with the respective blood types

Type A: anti-B antibodies

Type B: anti-A antibodies

Type AB: neither antibody type

Type O: both ant-A and anti-B antibodies

Fill in what blood type the individual can receive for each respective blood type

Type A: A blood or O blood

Type B: B blood or O blood

Type AB: A, B, AB, or O

Type O: only O blood

Which blood type is considered the universal donor?

type O

The Rh antigen on Red blood cells surfaces create another factor to keep in mind with matching blood types for transfusion. If you have the Rh antigen, you are Rh ___________. If you do not have the Rh antigen you are Rh ___________.

Positive; negative

Which Rh type produces antibodies against Rh antigen?

Rh negative

When an Rh negative women has an Rh positive baby, what can cross the placenta to the babies blood stream?

Mother may produce anti-Rh antibodies that cross placenta and damage fetal red blood cells

What disease does this result in the newborn?

Hemolytic disease

What is the virus called that causes mononucleosis?

Epstein-Barr virus

What white blood cell types does Epstein- Barr virus infect?

lymphocytes

What is the name for blood poisoning?

septicemia

What is the underlying cause of blood poisoning?

May develop from infected wounds, burns, urinary tract infections, major dental procedure

anemia

reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity due to inadequate number of red blood cells or inadequate hemoglobin

What two deficiencies can lead to anemia? What are the names of the conditions?

1. Pernicious anemia: caused by Vitamin B12 deficiency

2. Iron-deficiency anemia: caused by inadequate intake or malabsorptionof dietary iron

How can renal failure lead to anemia?

Results from inadequate erythropoietin secretion

What is the anemia called that is caused by the destruction of red blood cells?

Hemolytic anemia

What kind of cancer is leukemia?

blood cancer

how is leukemia characterized?

characterized by proliferation of white blood cells; may be acute or chronic

how is leukemia treated?

Treatments may include radiation or chemotherapy to destroy abnormal stem cells followed by bone marrow transplant

What is thrombocytopenia?

Reduction in platelet number

What is the underlying cause of thrombocytopenia?

May be caused by viral infection, anemia, leukemia, exposure to radiation, reaction to certain drugs

what may the patient experience with thrombocytopenia?

Unusual bruising and bleeding

What System is the blood a component of?

cardiovascular system

What three main systems does the blood partner with?

Respiratory, urinary, and digestive

How does the blood interact with the digestive system?

Picks up nutrients from Digestive system

How does the blood interact with the respiratory system?

O2 In and CO2 Out

How does the blood interact with the Urinary system?

Carries wastes and excess water to Urinary System; Carries metabolic wastes to Liver and Urinary System for removal

What kind of connective tissue is blood?

specialized connective tissue

What makes up the living component of blood?

Specialized cells and cell fragments

What makes up the nonliving component or matrix of blood?

Watery solution of ions, molecules

What are the three main functions of blood?

1. Transportation of nutrients, waste, hormones

2. Regulation of body temperature, water volume, pH

3. Defense against infections and bleeding.

Whole blood is made of plasma and formed elements. What percent does the formed elements and plasma compose out of whole blood?

Formed elements (45% of whole blood) and Plasma (makes up 55% of whole blood)

What can be found in plasma?

Water, Electrolytes (ions), Proteins, Hormones, Gases, Nutrients and waste

What can be found in the formed elements?

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

What cell in the blood is specialized for carrying oxygen?

red blood cells

What protein fills the inside of red blood cells? What is the function of this protein?

Hemoglobin, a protein that transports O2

Hemoglobin has heme groups within its structure, what is within the heme group that directly allows oxygen binding?

iron atoms

What is the test called that quantifies the percent of red blood cells in whole blood?

hematocrit

What two conditions can point to Anemia?

Low hematocrit or hemoglobin may indicate anemia

What is the normal range for hemoglobin?

Men: 14-18 gm% Women: 12-14 gm%

What is the normal range for hematocrit for males? What about females?

Men: 43-49% Women: 37-43%

Where are all blood cells produced? What is the name of the cell?

All blood cells are produced in the bone marrow and originate from a cell called a stem cell

What is the immature red blood cell called?

erythroblasts

What must an erythroblast do to become a mature erythrocyte?

- Fill with hemoglobin

- Discard their nucleus and organelles

What immune cell removes old red blood cells from circulation? In what organs does this occur?

Aged RBCs are removed by macrophages (large phagocytic cells) in the liver and spleen

What is the life span of a red blood cell?

RBCs live for about 120 days

What hormone controls red blood cell production?

erythropoietin (EPO); negative feedback

What organ contains cells that monitor oxygen levels?

kidney

What hormone is released by these cells when oxygen levels are too low?

erythropoietin (EPO)

What does this hormone affect? Where does it go in the body to do this?

EPO stimulates stem cells in bone marrow and causes increase in red blood cell production

How can kidney disease affect EPO?

Some cases of kidney disease (inadequate EPO secretion) must be supplemented

How have athletes utilized EPO? How does it affect their heart?

Some athletes have abused EPO by injecting it to increase their red blood cell production; May increase viscosity of blood, making the heart work harder to pump it