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Initially,

Grammar: adverb, often at start of sentence followed by comma or before main verb,

Sentence starters: Initially I thought…, Initially she was…,

Synonyms: at first, originally,

Notes: don't use at the end of a sentence, only use when there is a change later

Meaning: At the beginning, before something changed.

Examples: "…, I thought the class would be boring, but the professor was actually fascinating."

"The new software was … designed for large companies, but developers realised individuals were using it too."

"She was … reluctant to move, but after a few months she loved it."

Diligent

, Grammar: adjective, pattern: be diligent in + noun/gerund,

Collocations: diligent student/worker, diligent research, highly/very diligent,

Synonyms: hard-working, conscientious, meticulous,

Notes: more formal than hard-working, implies care and attention, not for physical tasks only

Meaning: Working very carefully and with a lot of effort, not lazy.

Examples: "Maria is a … student who always submits her assignments on time."

"The report was the result of months of … research."

"You need to be … about saving money if you want to buy a house."

Dispute,

Grammar: countable noun and transitive verb,

Collocations: a dispute over land/money, a dispute between two people, a dispute with a company, settle/resolve a dispute, legal/bitter dispute, dispute a claim/charge,

Synonyms: argument, conflict, disagreement,

Notes: too serious for small everyday disagreements

Meaning: A serious argument or disagreement, to say something is not true.

Examples: "The two neighbours are involved in a long-running … over the boundary between their properties."

"The workers' union is in a … with management over pay."

"The athlete was quick to … the referee's decision."

Confine

, Grammar: transitive verb, passive voice is very common,

Collocations: confine someone/something to a place, confine a discussion to a topic, be confined to a wheelchair, confined space,

Synonyms: restrict, limit, contain,

Notes: always use preposition "to", use limit for personal habits not confine

Meaning: To keep something or someone inside a limited area or within certain limits.

Examples: "The doctors were able to … the infection to his foot."

"Please … your questions to the topic of the presentation."

"After the accident, he was … to a wheelchair for six months."

Upfront,

Grammar: adjective and adverb,

Collocations: be upfront about something, be upfront with someone, upfront payment/fee, pay upfront, very upfront,

Synonyms: honest, frank, transparent, candid,

Notes: one word or hyphenated, means honesty at the START (not general honesty)

Meaning: Honest and open from the very beginning, paid before work is done.

Examples: "I really liked the agent because she was totally … about the problems with the house."

"He was … with me from the beginning, saying he wasn't looking for a serious relationship."

"We had to pay an … deposit of $500 to secure the booking."

A far cry from,

Grammar: fixed phrase, followed by noun or gerund,

Collocations: be a far cry from, seem a far cry from,

Synonyms: nothing like, vastly different from, a world away from,

Notes: only for BIG differences, don't use for minor differences

Meaning: Very different from something else.

Examples: "My new apartment is … the tiny studio I used to live in."

"This instant coffee is … a real espresso from a cafe in Rome."

"The team's performance this season is … their championship form last year."

Bear out,

Grammar: separable phrasal verb, often used in passive voice,

Collocations: bear out a claim/prediction/theory/fears, the evidence/results bear out,

Synonyms: prove, confirm, support, validate,

Notes: past is "bore out", past participle is "borne out"

Meaning: To show or prove that something is true or correct.

Examples: "The sales figures … the CEO's optimistic predictions."

"He claimed he was innocent, and the DNA evidence eventually … him …"

"My fears about the project were … when they missed the first deadline."

Cut both ways,

Grammar: idiom, subject is a thing/idea/argument (not a person),

Collocations: argument/idea/decision cuts both ways, that criticism cuts both ways,

Synonyms: double-edged sword, two sides to every coin,

Notes: not for simple or physical situations

Meaning: To have both good and bad sides, to have advantages and disadvantages.

Examples: "Social media … — it connects people but also leads to isolation."

"Being famous might seem glamorous, but the lack of privacy …"

"The manager's decision to allow flexible hours …"

unrivalled,

Grammar: adjective, almost always before a noun,

Collocations: unrivalled knowledge/expertise/reputation/success/quality,

Synonyms: unmatched, unparalleled,

Notes: BrE spelling "unrivalled", AmE "unrivaled"

Meaning: Better than everything else, having no equal.

Examples: "Our professor has … knowledge of medieval history."

"The company offers … customer support, which is why their clients are so loyal."

"For decades, the restaurant enjoyed an … reputation in the city."

reprehensible,

Grammar: adjective, often used after is/was (find something reprehensible),

Collocations: morally/ethically reprehensible, reprehensible behaviour/act/conduct,

Synonyms: deplorable, appalling, despicable,

Notes: formal word for serious moral judgments

Meaning: Deserving strong criticism, morally wrong.

Examples: "The politician's decision to mislead the public was morally …"

"The report documented the company's … treatment of its factory workers."

"Many scholars find the government's censorship of the internet ethically …"

snide,

Grammar: adjective, describes comments/tones (not usually people directly),

Collocations: snide comment/remark, snide tone, make a snide comment, be snide about something,

Synonyms: sarcastic, derogatory, passive-aggressive,

Notes: the "d" is silent, implies a sneaky or indirect insult

Meaning: Indirectly insulting or mocking, making a mean comment in a sneaky way.

Examples: "I asked for her opinion, and she just made a … comment about my cooking."

"He has a very … tone when he talks to his colleagues."

"'Oh, you finally decided to show up,' she said in a … voice."

wind up,

Grammar: phrasal verb, separable for meaning "annoy", intransitive for meaning "end up",

Collocations: wind someone up, get wound up, be on a wind-up, wind up doing something, wind up in a place, wind up with something/someone, Synonyms: annoy, tease, end up,

Notes: meaning "annoy" is very common in BrE, informal

Meaning: 1. To annoy or tease someone deliberately.

2. To eventually find yourself in a particular place or situation.

Examples: "Stop …ing up your sister! You know she hates it when you hide her toys."

"We didn't have any plans for the weekend, but we … driving to the coast."

"If you keep spending money like that, you'll … broke."

infringement,

Grammar: countable and uncountable noun, verb form: to infringe,

Collocations: copyright/patent/trademark infringement, infringement of rights/freedoms/contract, in infringement of,

Synonyms: violation, breach, transgression,

Notes: formal/technical word for law/business/tech, prepositions "of" or "on/upon"

Meaning: The action of breaking a rule, law, or agreement, or of limiting someone's rights.

Examples: "The musician sued the company for copyright … after they used her song in an ad without permission."

"The new surveillance law is seen by many as an … on personal privacy."

"Any unauthorized use of the university logo is considered an … of its trademark."

play out,

Grammar: intransitive phrasal verb, no object,

Collocations: watch something play out, see how something plays out, let something play out, the situation/drama played out,

Synonyms: unfold, turn out, pan out,

Notes: neutral/slightly informal, used for situations/events that develop over time

Meaning: To happen or develop in a particular way, especially over time.

Examples: "I'm curious to see how this whole situation …s out."

"The drama between the two celebrities …ed out publicly on Twitter."

"Let's just wait and let things … out naturally instead of forcing a decision."

open the door to,

Grammar: verb phrase, followed by a noun or gerund,

Collocations: open the door to opportunities/possibilities/change, open the door to abuse/corruption/exploitation, open the door to new ideas, Synonyms: pave the way for, lead to, make way for,

Notes: neutral, can be positive or negative

Meaning: To create an opportunity for something to happen, to make something possible.

Examples: "Learning English well can … studying abroad."

"Critics argue that the new law … government surveillance."

"Getting that first internship can really … a career in journalism."