Organic Compounds

alkane

single bond

alkene

double bond

alkyne

triple bond

aromatic compound

contain benzene-like structure and exhibit resonance stability.

aliphatic compound

have straight or branched chains or rings oc C-C bonds

saturated hydrocarbons

the carbons in the compound have the mave number of hydrogen possible (alkanes)

unsaturated hydrocarbons

do not have the max number of hydrogen possible (alkene/alkyne)

structural isomer

same formula, different arrangement in bonding

geometric isomer

same formula, different arrangement in space and restricted rotation

cis

fuctional group on same side

trans

functional group on opposite side

alkane reactions

combustion, substitution

alkene and alkyne reactions

addition reaction (halogenation, hydrogenation, hydrohalogenation, hydration)

Markonikov’s Rule

when hallide or water is added to an alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen bonds to the atom with more hydrogen (= major product), the rich gets richer

Cycloalkene and cycloalkyne reaction

addition

aromatic compound reaction

substitution reaction(halogenation, nitration, alkylation)

halogenation (alkene/alkyne)

with halogens; no catalyst

hydrogenation (alkene/alkyne)

with H2; catalyst = heat, Pt, Pd

hydrohalogenation (alkene/alkyne)

with hydrogen hallides; no catalyst

hydration (alkene/alkyne)

with H2O; catalyst = H2SO4

halogenation (aromatic)

with halogens; catalyst = FeBr3; side product = hydrogen hallide

nitration (aromatic)

with HNO3; catalyst = H2SO4; side product = H2O

alkylation (aromatic)

with an alkyl halide; catalyst = AlCl3; side product = hydrogen halide

alcohol

contains -OH

ether

alcohol + alcohol

aldehyde

C=O, H atom

ketone

C=O, alkyl group

carboxylic acid

-C=O, OH

ester

alchohol + carboxylic acid

amine

NH3, alkyl groups

amide

C=O, N atom

alcohol

-ol

ether

-oxy-ane

aldehyde

-al

ketone

-one

carboxylic acid

-oic acid

ester

-yl-oate

amine

-amine

amide

-amide

ether

good solvents because it has polar and nonpolar properties that allow for miscibility with both; and covalent C-O bonds is difficult to break

polyalcohol

alcohols containing more than 1-OH group

carbocation

an ion with a positively charged carbon ion that pariticipates in various reaction