APUSH Period 8 IDs (pt. 1)

Alger Hiss

State dept employee accused of being a communist sympathizer during the 2nd red scare, found guilty of perjury

McCarthyism/2nd Red Scare

• Senator Joseph McCarthy led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s

• people became scared about communism after it started growing

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

committee where McCarthy accused and questioned anyone who he believed held communist beliefs during 2nd red scare

Executive Order 9981

issued by Truman in 1948, officially ended segregation in American military

NSC-68

created by National Security Council, policy papare that said the US needed to heavily invest in military spending and a nuclear arenal--emphasized military force over security

Dixiecrats

Political party in the election of 1948, southern democrats that wanted segregation to stay--Strom Thurmond ran for election in 1948

Taft-Hartley Act

1948 act passed over Truman's veto, made it illegal for any workplace to be made up of just union workers

Servicemen's Readjustment Act

1944 law benefiting WWII veterans, gave low-interest loans that allowed veterans to pay for college and buy homes

Defense spending in 1950s

• military spending remained strong throughout the 1950s

• provided jobs and industry for workers

• strengthened by NSC-68 report

Douglas MacArthur and Japan

Supervised the rebuilding of Japan after WWII, was a success

Tehran Conference

1944 meeting between Russia, Britain, and US to talk about the Allied strategy in the war—planned invasion of France and agreed to divide Germany after the war

Yalta Conference

• 1945, meeting between the USSR, Britain, and US

• Stalin promises that the Eastern European countries he took over would have free elections

• Later broke promises and installs puppet governments in those countries

Potsdam Conference

conference with the USSR, US, and Britain in order to divide Germany out of the war—turned into East Germany (USSR's section, communist) and West Germany (France, US, and Britain's sections, democratic), with Berlin also divided

Division of Germany

Occured after the WW2 and the Potsdam conference, Germany was divided into four zones controlled by the USSR, France, US, and Britain that turned into East Germany (USSR) and West Germany (France, US, and Britain)

United Nations

An international peacekeeping organization created after WWII in 1945

Formation of Israel

Israel was formally recognized as a new country and Jewish homeland in 1948zio

Collective security

US belief that an aggressor to any one country was an aggressor to everyone, and everyone needed to work together to stop it

Iron Curtain speech

speech by Churchill, says an "iron curtain" has descended across Europe, keeping the Eastern European countries and the USSR hidden from the rest of Europe

Containment

US's strategy during the cold war for preventing further expansion of communism—because communism hurts American trade

Long Telegram

1949 telegram written by George Kennan, talked about the history of the USSR and that they were expanding ruthlessly—and that the US needed to do something

George Kennan

American who had been living in the USSR, wrote the long telegram

Truman Doctrine

• 1947 document by Truman, said US should support countries (Greece and Turkey) threatened by communist insurrection

• The countries were struggling, which made them susceptible to turning communist

• Gave money to the countries for them to improve economically, which worked

Marshall Plan

the US government response to Europe's unstable government after WWII, joint recovery plan that gave money to Europe to help them rebuild

Berlin Airlift

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and supplies citizens of west Berlin when the USSR blockaded West Berlin (wanted to take control of all of Berlin)

NATO

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization

• military alliance of democracies formed to counter Soviet expansion in 1940s

• world becomes more divided with polarization between NATO and Soviet union

Warsaw Pact

Alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations, response to NATO

Chiang Kai-Shek

Leader of Nationalist China during the Chinese Civil War

Mao Tse-Tung

Leader of communist China during the Chinese Civil War

Sino-Soviet pact

1950 nonagression pact signed between Mao and Stalin, solidifies that they will work together to spread communism

Superpower

• a nation with a lot of military power

• during Cold War, the two main powers were the US and USSR

Nikita Khrushchev

Soviet leader during Cuban Missile crisis

Destalinization

Process to remove Stalin's effects from Soviet life after his death, including freeing gulag prisoners (which Kruschchev did)

Sputnik

The world's first space satellite, launched by the USSR--showed they were ahead of the US and had a missile powerful enough to reach the US

NASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, US government agency responsible for the space program and space research

U-2 incident

1960 incident where the Soviet military used a guided missile to shoot down an American U-2 spy plane over Soviet territory

Interstate Highway System

created in the late 1950s to connect major American cities and allow fast travel

22nd Amendment

1947 amendment that limited presidents to a max of two terms

Operation PBSUCCESS

• Successful CIA effort to remove Jacobo Arbenz, the Guatemalan president, from office

• US was worried that Guatemala was susceptible to a communist takeover

Operation AJAX

a successful British-American effort to overthrow Mohammed Mosaddegh, a leader in Iran who was seen as a potential communist helper

Suez Crisis

crisis where Britain and France attempted to seize control of the Suez canal from Egypt

Assassination of Patrice Lumumba

US CIA and Belgium paid Lumumba's enemies to assassinate Congo's leader, Patrice Lumumba

Division of Korea

• Divided after Japan was defeated in 1945

• North Korea: under Soviet control

• South Korea: under US control

Results + Effects of Korean war

• Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel

• ceasefire was signed, but no formal peace treaty--still remains in effect today

• Truman used the war as a reason to expand the miltary

• showed that containment worked

• expands role of executive branch in US

• ramps up cold war mentality and tensions towards the USSR

MacArthur and Korea

• Led US forces in Korean war

• wanted to be more agressive in order to wipe out communism, Truman said no and fired him

Massive Retaliation

Dulles' policy of treating communism, involved buildup of weapons so the US could retaliate if attacked

John Foster Dulles

Eisenhower's secretary of state, had ideas about treating communism harshly--massive retaliation

Military Industrial Complex

Phrase used by Eisenhower in his farewell speech to refer to the relationship between the military and business in the US, says that the arms race has gone out of control and is causing negative effects

Arms race

• effect of massive retaliation

• Cold war competition between the US and Soviet Union to build up collection of weapons

JFK becomes president

Wins in 1960, democrat

New Frontier

• JFK's plan for domestic policies during his time as president

focuses on:

1) expansion of welfare programs

2) est Peace Corps

3) space program: increases funding for NASA

Peace Corps

organization created by JFK where people volunteered in underdeveloped countries to promote peace

Race to the Moon

race between the Soviets and the US to be the first to technologically advance to get to the moon

Air conditioning effect

The invention of air conditioning led to more people moving to the South/Southwest

Population shift in 1950s

Baby boom--more people being born

"The Affluent Society"/"The Other America"

• "The Affluent Society": 1958 book that exposed the disparities of middle class vs lower class

• "The Other America": 1962 book that revealed disparities in wealth and opportunity

National Defense Education Act

1958, invested in science and technology research and colleges—goal that was being highly educated would help to defeat the Soviets

Levittown

fancy + affordable suburb in New York

Baby Boom

the larger than expected generation in United States born after World War II bc the war had just ended

Car culture of 1950s

Most people had cars--became a lot more popular

American Bandstand

TV program where live audiences danced to popular music, led to the rise in popularity of rock n roll--showed pop music's impact on young people

Television of 1950s

Became the most important vehicle of information, showed only programs portraying an ideal white, middle-class society

Suburbanization

Movement of upper and middle-class people from urban areas to surrounding areas ("suburbs")

Bay of Pigs incident

Unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, where Cuban rebels trained by Eisenhower attacked the Bay of Pigs in Cuba in hopes of overthrowing dictator Fidel Castro--no one joined them and they were arrested, was an embarassment to the US

Berlin wall

Wall surrounding West Berlin created by Soviet Union, goal was to prevent West Berlin residents from fleeing to the rest of Berlin

Cuban Missile crisis

• 1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union after the US found missiles in Cuba pointed at the US (although the US had missiles in Turkey pointed at the USSR

• Ended after the USSR took their missiles out of Cuba in exchange for the US to not attack and to remove their missiles from Turkey

Flexible response

• Term for JFK's approach for conflict, the US thinking and trying to solve a conflict or compromise before immedietly jumping to fight

• leads to a reduction in nuclear weapons production but an increase in conventional weapon production

Assasination of JFK

Was shot and killed in 1963 while riding through Dallas in a convertible

Reasons for animosity before Cold War (not ID)

1) USSR and US are very different (capitalist vs communist)

2) USSR breaking Yalta Conference promises (not installing puppet govs in Eastern European countries)

3) US beliefs of containment

Korean war (not ID)

Conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea, the United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea

brinkmanship (not ID)

the willingness to go to the brink of war to force the USSR back down, Dulles belief