GOB Test 2

what is a polar covalent BOND

atoms of a different element

what is a non-polar covalent BOND (purely covalent)

atoms of the same element

How is the direction of a dipole moment determined?

The arrow is closest to the more electronegative, the plus closer to the less electronegative

polar MOLECULE

is non-symmetrical, lone pair

non-polar MOLECULE

symmetrical

oxidation

loosing e-

reduction

gain e-

How to use molar mass to convert btwn grams and mols

1 mol = 6.022 X 10²³ atoms

molar mass relates to # of grams

ex. 1 mol of C = 6.022 X 10²³

the atomic mass of C is 12 grams (meaning 12g/ 6.022 X 10²³)

1 mol of C = 12 g

what is avagadros number

6.022 X 10²³

1 mol = 6.022 X 10²³ atoms

Stoichiometry

relationship always in mols

figure out how many mols

make a relationship btwn 2 molecules (ex. mols O₂/mols CH₄)

convert to grams

what type of relationship does pressure and volume have (boyle’s law)

indirect

what type of relationship does temperature and volume have (charles’ law)

direct

what type of relationship does temperature and pressure have (gay-lussac’s law)

direct

what type of relationship does volume and moles have (avogadro’s law)

direct

what type of relationship do partial pressure have (dalton’s law)

direct

how to calculate partial pressures?

calculate the mol fraction for each gas

mol fraction X total pressure = partial pressure

what is a mol fraction?

Number of moles (n) of a gas/ total number of moles of the mixture

X_A= n_A/total n

what is a solute

the smaller amount in the mixture

solvent

the larger amount in the mixture

What makes something soluble?

if it has an alkali metal or NO₃^-

How to dilute solutions

c₁v₁=c₂v₂

dissociation of water

[OH^-][H₃O⁺] = 10^-14

what is pH

-log[H₃O⁺]

[H₃O⁺] = 10^-pH

whats an isotonic solution

outside cell concentration = inside cell concentration

whats a hypertonic solution

outside cell concentration HIGHER than inside cell concentration

whats a hypotonic solution

outside cell concentration LOWER than inside cell concentration