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Crete
Was ruled by King Minos; capital city Knossos
BC
Before Christ (before year 0)
AD
Canno Domini- "in the year of the lord" (after year 0)
Minoan Civilization
Bronze Age civilization that lived on Crete; they thrived from 2700-1450BC
Thera Volcano
A volcano that some believe killed the Minoans
Mycenaean Civilization
Home to Mycenae which was the first Greek state
Tholos Tombs
a tomb that held royal family (similar to Egyptian tombs)
Phoenician alphabet
Smaller form of a previous alphabet that the Greeks used that makes words easier to spell
Homer
Wrote epic poems like Iliad and Odyssey
Epic Poem
a long poem that tells the deeds of a great hero
Iliad
about Achilles' adventures
Odyssey
about Odysseus' adventures (20 years on the seas)
Trojan War
10 war siege; Parsis kidnaps Helen; Wooden horse trick used on the Trojans
Achilles
Demigod; his mother dipped him in a river that made all of him indestructible except his heel
Arete
Courage, honor, and excellence
Polis
A city, state, or town
Acropolis
Capital city
Agora
Market, place to trade
Hoplite
Heavily armed infantry soldiers; carried a sword, round shield, and a spear; marched in a formation called a phalanx
Mediterranean Sea
Italy, France, Spain, North Africa
Byzantium
city that later became Constantinople, then Istanbul
Democracy
Rule by the people
Oligarchy
Rule by a few
Sparta
powerful polis; military state; selective of who lives and dies
Athens
Was first ruled by a king, then switched to an oligarchy; messy economy
Ephors
overseers of Sparta's government
Council of Elders
2 kings/28men over 60; they decided what was represented to the council of male citizens that only voted and never debated
Cleisthenes
Created democracy and restored order in Athens in 510 BC
Council of 500
dealt with foreign affairs, treasury, and proposed laws
Pedagogue
a slave that taught education to children that were 7 years old up until they were 18 years old
King Darius
invaded Athens in 490 BC
Xerxes
Son of King Darius and took control of Persian in 486 BC
Battle of Marathon
26 miles from A; Darius defeated; term "marathon" comes from this battle
Battle of Thermopylae
7,000 Greeks led by King Leonidas held off the Persians for 2 days by using tactics and the terrain for an advantage
Battle of Plataea
All city states come together to defeat Persia
Delian League
all leaders of the league Athenian; led a counter invasion, liberated Eastern Greek
Age of Pericles
Dominant political figure; Democracy flourished and Greek's holding expanded; peak of Athenian Power
direct democracy
people participate directly in government decision making through a mass public meeting (not a true democracy because only males can vote and most residents weren't citizens)
Ostracism
Greeks used pieces of broken pottery to vote if they would banish a political leader, if there was 6,000 votes in favor the politician would be banned for 10 years
Piraievs
Most important Athenian city; imported grain
Peloponnesian War
was a defensive war for Athens; in 428 a plague came over Athens which became the turning point in the war
Battle of Aegospotami
the end of the Peloponnesian War; Athens defeated
Polytheism
multiple gods worshiped; Greek religion has 12 gods
Mount Olympus
where the 12 Greeks gods live
Zeus
most powerful
Athena
goddess of wisdom and crafts
Apollo
god of sun
Ares
god of war
Poseidon
god of the sea and earthquakes; controlled the Kraken
Aphrodite
goddess of love
Rituals
ceremonies or rites
Olympic Games
held on Mt. Olympia; different events held with the first being running; you had to be highly trained and if you won you get a wreath as a reward; not many rules
Oracle
to learn the will of the gods
Tragedy
Greek dramas were called these
Oresteia
the only tragedy we have left; told of the struggles of Agamemnon in the Trojan War; written by Aeschylus
Oedipus Rex
written by Sophocles
Comedy
type of Greek writing that was used to criticize leaders and intellectuals
Oracle at Delphi
the most famous oracle; people would travel long distances to come here; priests often gave hard to understand/vague answers from the gods
Philosophy
an organized system of thought; concerned about the development of critical and rational thought about the nature of universe
Pythagoras
philosopher that believed the essence of the universe could be found in music and numbers
Socrates (Socratic method)
a philosopher that's primary goal was to improve himself (and his students); believed that all real knowledge can be discovered in each person; encouraged people to question authority; created the socratic method where you ask questions that lead to more questions and eventually to a conclusion
Plato (forms)
A philosopher with his one central question being "how do we know what is real?"; believed in the forms, a higher reality or dimension
The Republic
about the nature of a perfect government; believed that democracy was flawed
Sophists
travelling teachers that believe man cannot understand the universe and that it was more important for men to improve themselves; stressed the importance of rhetoric
Rhetoric
the art of persuasive speaking in winning debates and swaying an audience
History
a systematic analysis of past events
Herodotus
"father of history"
A History of the Persian Wars
Written by Herodotus
Thucydides
Athenian general; the greatest historian
Parthenon
dedicated to the goddess Athena, but also the glory of Athens itself
Phillip II
wanted unite Greece and his kingdom
Battle of Chaeronea
the battle where Philip II defeated the Greek city states in 338 BC
Alexander the Great
son of Philip II and military genius; took his fathers throne and established Alexandria
Alexandria
A city in Egypt that had tons of trade a huge library with 500,000 scrolls
Battle of Gaugamela
The battle where Alexander the Great finally took down the Persians once and for all in 331 BC
Hellenistic Era
to imitate Greeks; shared Greek language, ideas, art, architecture
Aristarchus
said the universe was centered around the sun and he also determined that the Earth was a sphere
Euclid
wrote a text book about geometry
Archimedes
studied spheres and cylinders and discovered pi (3.14...); first recognized gravity
Epicureanism
belief that humans are free to follow self-interest as a basic motivating force
Stoicism
the most popular philosophy of the time; didn't advocate to stay out of a public life