Ancient Greece: Minoan, Mycenaean Civilizations & Greek City-States

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81 Terms

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Crete

Was ruled by King Minos; capital city Knossos

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BC

Before Christ (before year 0)

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AD

Canno Domini- "in the year of the lord" (after year 0)

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Minoan Civilization

Bronze Age civilization that lived on Crete; they thrived from 2700-1450BC

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Thera Volcano

A volcano that some believe killed the Minoans

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Mycenaean Civilization

Home to Mycenae which was the first Greek state

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Tholos Tombs

a tomb that held royal family (similar to Egyptian tombs)

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Phoenician alphabet

Smaller form of a previous alphabet that the Greeks used that makes words easier to spell

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Homer

Wrote epic poems like Iliad and Odyssey

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Epic Poem

a long poem that tells the deeds of a great hero

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Iliad

about Achilles' adventures

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Odyssey

about Odysseus' adventures (20 years on the seas)

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Trojan War

10 war siege; Parsis kidnaps Helen; Wooden horse trick used on the Trojans

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Achilles

Demigod; his mother dipped him in a river that made all of him indestructible except his heel

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Arete

Courage, honor, and excellence

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Polis

A city, state, or town

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Acropolis

Capital city

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Agora

Market, place to trade

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Hoplite

Heavily armed infantry soldiers; carried a sword, round shield, and a spear; marched in a formation called a phalanx

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Mediterranean Sea

Italy, France, Spain, North Africa

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Byzantium

city that later became Constantinople, then Istanbul

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Democracy

Rule by the people

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Oligarchy

Rule by a few

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Sparta

powerful polis; military state; selective of who lives and dies

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Athens

Was first ruled by a king, then switched to an oligarchy; messy economy

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Ephors

overseers of Sparta's government

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Council of Elders

2 kings/28men over 60; they decided what was represented to the council of male citizens that only voted and never debated

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Cleisthenes

Created democracy and restored order in Athens in 510 BC

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Council of 500

dealt with foreign affairs, treasury, and proposed laws

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Pedagogue

a slave that taught education to children that were 7 years old up until they were 18 years old

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King Darius

invaded Athens in 490 BC

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Xerxes

Son of King Darius and took control of Persian in 486 BC

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Battle of Marathon

26 miles from A; Darius defeated; term "marathon" comes from this battle

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Battle of Thermopylae

7,000 Greeks led by King Leonidas held off the Persians for 2 days by using tactics and the terrain for an advantage

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Battle of Plataea

All city states come together to defeat Persia

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Delian League

all leaders of the league Athenian; led a counter invasion, liberated Eastern Greek

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Age of Pericles

Dominant political figure; Democracy flourished and Greek's holding expanded; peak of Athenian Power

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direct democracy

people participate directly in government decision making through a mass public meeting (not a true democracy because only males can vote and most residents weren't citizens)

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Ostracism

Greeks used pieces of broken pottery to vote if they would banish a political leader, if there was 6,000 votes in favor the politician would be banned for 10 years

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Piraievs

Most important Athenian city; imported grain

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Peloponnesian War

was a defensive war for Athens; in 428 a plague came over Athens which became the turning point in the war

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Battle of Aegospotami

the end of the Peloponnesian War; Athens defeated

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Polytheism

multiple gods worshiped; Greek religion has 12 gods

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Mount Olympus

where the 12 Greeks gods live

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Zeus

most powerful

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Athena

goddess of wisdom and crafts

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Apollo

god of sun

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Ares

god of war

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Poseidon

god of the sea and earthquakes; controlled the Kraken

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Aphrodite

goddess of love

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Rituals

ceremonies or rites

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Olympic Games

held on Mt. Olympia; different events held with the first being running; you had to be highly trained and if you won you get a wreath as a reward; not many rules

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Oracle

to learn the will of the gods

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Tragedy

Greek dramas were called these

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Oresteia

the only tragedy we have left; told of the struggles of Agamemnon in the Trojan War; written by Aeschylus

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Oedipus Rex

written by Sophocles

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Comedy

type of Greek writing that was used to criticize leaders and intellectuals

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Oracle at Delphi

the most famous oracle; people would travel long distances to come here; priests often gave hard to understand/vague answers from the gods

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Philosophy

an organized system of thought; concerned about the development of critical and rational thought about the nature of universe

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Pythagoras

philosopher that believed the essence of the universe could be found in music and numbers

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Socrates (Socratic method)

a philosopher that's primary goal was to improve himself (and his students); believed that all real knowledge can be discovered in each person; encouraged people to question authority; created the socratic method where you ask questions that lead to more questions and eventually to a conclusion

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Plato (forms)

A philosopher with his one central question being "how do we know what is real?"; believed in the forms, a higher reality or dimension

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The Republic

about the nature of a perfect government; believed that democracy was flawed

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Sophists

travelling teachers that believe man cannot understand the universe and that it was more important for men to improve themselves; stressed the importance of rhetoric

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Rhetoric

the art of persuasive speaking in winning debates and swaying an audience

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History

a systematic analysis of past events

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Herodotus

"father of history"

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A History of the Persian Wars

Written by Herodotus

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Thucydides

Athenian general; the greatest historian

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Parthenon

dedicated to the goddess Athena, but also the glory of Athens itself

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Phillip II

wanted unite Greece and his kingdom

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Battle of Chaeronea

the battle where Philip II defeated the Greek city states in 338 BC

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Alexander the Great

son of Philip II and military genius; took his fathers throne and established Alexandria

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Alexandria

A city in Egypt that had tons of trade a huge library with 500,000 scrolls

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Battle of Gaugamela

The battle where Alexander the Great finally took down the Persians once and for all in 331 BC

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Hellenistic Era

to imitate Greeks; shared Greek language, ideas, art, architecture

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Aristarchus

said the universe was centered around the sun and he also determined that the Earth was a sphere

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Euclid

wrote a text book about geometry

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Archimedes

studied spheres and cylinders and discovered pi (3.14...); first recognized gravity

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Epicureanism

belief that humans are free to follow self-interest as a basic motivating force

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Stoicism

the most popular philosophy of the time; didn't advocate to stay out of a public life