Anatomy and Physiology 2 - Endocrine (study questions)

How is the endocrine system different from the nervous system, and what kinds of processes are controlled by the endocrine system?

The endocrine system and the nervous system are different in how they control the body. The endocrine system uses hormones, which are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to target organs. This process is slower but has longer-lasting effects. The nervous system uses electrical signals to send messages quickly between the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. The endocrine system controls processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction. It helps regulate mood, energy levels, and how our bodies use food.

What hormones are released by each endocrine gland, and what is their function?

Different endocrine glands release different hormones, each with specific functions:

1. Pituitary Gland: Releases growth hormone (GH) for body growth, and oxytocin for childbirth and bonding.

2. Thyroid Gland: Releases thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) to regulate metabolism.

3. Parathyroid Gland: Releases parathyroid hormone (PTH) to control calcium levels in the blood.

4. Adrenal Glands: Release adrenaline for stress response and cortisol to regulate metabolism and immune response.

5. Pancreas: Releases insulin to lower blood sugar and glucagon to raise blood sugar.

6. Ovaries (in females): Release estrogen and progesterone for reproductive functions.

7. Testes (in males): Release testosterone for reproductive functions and muscle growth.

What is the primary function of the parathyroid gland?

The primary function of the parathyroid gland is to control the amount of calcium in the blood

Where is the parathyroid gland located?

The parathyroid gland exists as a collection of nodules on top of the thyroid gland

What hormone does the parathyroid gland release to regulate calcium levels in the blood?

The parathyroid gland releases PTH (parathyroid hormone)

Why is calcium important for neurons and muscles?

Neurons need calcium to release neurotransmitters, and muscles need calcium to contract

What happens if there is not enough calcium in the blood?

If there is not enough calcium in the blood, neurons can’t communicate and muscles become paralyzed

What are the three major actions of PTH (parathyroid hormone)?

PTH tells the kidney to reabsorb calcium, preventing its loss through urine

How does PTH affect the kidneys in relation to calcium?

PTH tells the kidneys to reabsorb calcium, preventing its loss through urine

Why is vitamin D synthesis important in the context of calcium regulation?

Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium from food, which helps maintain adequate calcium levels in the blood

What role do osteoclasts play in maintaining calcium levels in the blood?

Osteoclasts breaks down bone tissue, releasing stored calcium into the blood

How do the actions of PTH collectively work to increase blood calcium levels?

The actions of PTH - resorbing calcium in the kidney’s stimulating vitamin D synthesis, and breaking down bone with osteoclasts - work together to increase the amount of calcium in the blood