History Test Study Set - The Reformation

What is a secondary source?

Information gathered by someone who did not take part in or witness an event.

What is a primary source?

A document that is an original and is not interpreted by another person or source, a first hand account.

Examples of primary sources?

Diaries, journals, letters, interviews, photos, posters, film footage, eyewitness accounts or testimony, archaeological finds, autobiographies

Examples of secondary sources?

Textbooks, articles, biographies, histories, documentary films, encyclopedias

What was the Protestant Reformation?

A revolt of certain Christians in northern European countries against the authority of the pope in Rome, to bring religious reforms of the Roman Catholic Church

Who was Martin Luther and what did he do?

He was a priest and a professor that started the Reformation movement. He disliked the selling of indulgences by the church and the church excommunicated him. He started his own church (Lutheran Church) and this began a Protestant movement throughout Europe.

Who were Lutherans?

Followers of Martin Luther who rejected the priestly hierarchy of Catholicism and emphasized that believers should themselves look for truth in the Bible

Who was the pope during the Protestant Reformation?

Pope Leo X who opposed Luther's ideas

What was the catholic church?

The most powerful institution in Europe during the Renaissance.

What were the 95 theses?

Luther's objections to the corruption and abuses of the Catholic Church which he nailed to the church door.

What was the Catholic Counter Reformation?

An effort by the Roman Catholic church to suppress the protestantism and renew itself during the 16th and 17th centuries.

What did the Catholic Church do during the Reformation?

Implemented the Counter-Reformation, which involved internal reforms like the Council of Trent, the creation of new religious orders such as the Jesuits, and a crackdown on heresy through institutions like the Roman Inquisition and the Index of Forbidden Books.

Who was Henry VIII?

King of England from 1509 to 1547 who did not accept Luther's beliefs.

Who was Anne Boleyn?

Second wife to Henry VIII who he wanted to marry after divorcing his first wife to receive a male heir, later executed, along with several of her alleged lovers, for infidelity.

What was the Church of England?

Henry VIII was the head; persevere catholic ritual and kept the hierarchy of bishops and archbishop.

What was Anglicanism?

The Church of England founded by Henry VIII to facilitate his multiple divorces and marriages.

Why did King Henry VIII create the Church of England?

The Pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. He desired a male heir, which Catherine had failed to provide, and wanted to marry Anne Boleyn instead. This personal motive triggered a political and religious power struggle that ended with Henry establishing himself as the supreme head of the church in England

What was the Enlightenment?

a new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems

Who was Thomas Hobbes?

English philosopher who believed that people should hand over their rights to a ruler in exchange for law and order -- known as a social contract

Who was John Locke?

Philosopher who believed in life, liberty, and property, all people are created EQUALLY with unalienable rights, consent is necessary

Who was Mary Wollstonecraft?

British feminist who wrote "Vindication of the Rights of Women" and who believed in the rights and equality to both men and women

Who was Voltaire?

A French writer and one of the most famous Enlightenment philosophers who believed in individual liberty, including freedom of speech, press, and religion, and the separation of church and state, advocating for a tolerant and rational society. He also believed in constitutional monarchy but wanted individuals to think for themselves

Who was Montesquieu and what did he believe?

He was an Enlightenment Philosopher who wrote 'Spirit of the Laws' and believed in separation of governing powers and checks and balances.

Who was Rousseau?

A French philosopher and advocate for education. He thinks people are basically good but society corrupts them. Rousseau also believes in general will -- what a community should do, not what it wants to do. He thinks the gov. should work for the common good, not just the wealthy people.

What was the scientific revolution?

New way of thinking about the natural world based on careful observation and a willingness to question.

What was the heliocentric model?

Sun-centered universe with planets revolving around the sun.

What was the scientific method?

a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence by first producing a hypothesis and experimenting to find results

What was the geocentric model?

Earth is at the center of the revolving planets and stars.

Who was Isaac Newton and what were his ideas?

English mathematician and physicist whose laws of motion and universal gravitation laid the groundwork for classical mechanics and modern physics. His key ideas, detailed in his 1687 book Principia Mathematica, include the three laws of motion and the universal law of gravitation, which explain how objects move and interact. He also conducted foundational work in optics, demonstrating that white light is composed of all colors of the spectrum, and independently developed calculus.

Who was Galileo?

Renaissance scientist and Mathematician who developed the basis for our sciences of astronomy, and physics, was tried for heresy

Who was Descartes?

Philosopher that argued that the body and mind were fundamentally different things, that the body is made out of a material substance, while the mind (or soul) is made out of an immaterial or spiritual substance, father of modern philosophy who helped Bacon create the scientific method.

Who was Bacon?

Created the scientific method with Descartes and urged scientists to experiment before drawing conclusions