Citric Acid Cycle and Electron Transport Chain

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts related to the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain introduced in the lecture.

Citric Acid Cycle

A series of enzymatic reactions that generate high energy electron carriers like NADH and FADH2 from acetyl CoA.

NAD+

A coenzyme that accepts electrons during the citric acid cycle, becoming reduced to NADH.

FAD

A coenzyme that accepts electrons during the citric acid cycle, becoming reduced to FADH2.

GTP

A nucleotide similar to ATP that can be converted into ATP and is produced during the citric acid cycle.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

The final stage of cellular respiration where energy from NADH and FADH2 is used to produce ATP via the electron transport chain.

Proton Gradient

A difference in proton concentration across a membrane, created by the electron transport chain and used to synthesize ATP.

ATP Synthase

An enzyme that synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using the energy from a proton gradient.

Chemiosmosis

The process by which ATP is generated using the energy from protons flowing back across the membrane.

Electron Transport Chain

A series of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen.

Citric Acid Cycle Products

For each acetyl CoA that enters, the cycle produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP (or GTP) equivalent.

Pyruvate Oxidation

The process of converting pyruvate to acetyl CoA, yielding NADH and releasing CO2.

Oxygen's Role

Acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, allowing the entire process of oxidative phosphorylation to occur.

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

ATP production that occurs in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle where a phosphate is transferred to ADP from a substrate.

Reducing Agents

NADH and FADH2 act as reducing agents in the electron transport chain, donating electrons.

The __ cycle generates high energy electron carriers from acetyl CoA.

Citric Acid

A coenzyme that becomes reduced to __ during the citric acid cycle is NAD+.

NADH

The final stage of cellular respiration is known as __ phosphorylation.

Oxidative

A __ gradient is created by the electron transport chain and is used to synthesize ATP.

Proton

During the citric acid cycle, for each acetyl CoA that enters, the cycle produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and __ ATP equivalent.

1 G

What cycle generates high energy electron carriers from acetyl CoA?

Citric Acid Cycle.

What coenzyme is reduced to NADH during the citric acid cycle?

NAD+.

What is the final stage of cellular respiration known as?

Oxidative Phosphorylation.

What type of gradient is created by the electron transport chain for ATP synthesis?

Proton Gradient.

How many ATP equivalents are produced per acetyl CoA during the citric acid cycle?

1 ATP equivalent.