Human Anatomy and Physiology: Cell Junctions, Membranes, and Body Cavities

functions of all living things

responsiveness, growth, reproduction, movement, metabolism

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

negative feedback

A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation.

positive feedback

Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.

serous membrane

Membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body

thoracic cavity

contains heart and lungs

abdominopelvic cavity

abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs

peritoneal cavity

space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

cam protein

help cells stick to one another

tight junction

A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents the leakage of material between cells.

claudins

Proteins forming tight junctions between cells.

adhering junction

binds microfilaments of 2 neighboring cells

Cadherins

proteins used in adhering junction

what filament is used in adhering junctions

actin filaments

spot desmosomes

small discs connected to bands of intermediate filaments

what protein do spot desmosomes use

cadherins

Hemidesmosomes

attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane

what protein do hemidesmosomes use

integrins

gap junctions

provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells

what protein do gap junctions use

connexons

apical surface

an upper free surface exposed to the body exterior or the cavity of an internal organ

basement membrane

Cells at the base of an epithelial layer are attached to this.

simple squamous epithelium location

Function: Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae.

Location: Kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity(serosae)

simple cuboidal epithelium

Function: secretion and absorption

Location: Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface.

Stratified Epithelium

skin, lining of esophagus, lining of urinary bladder

pseudostratified columnar epithelium location

nonciliated type in male's sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract

transitional epithelium

function: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine

Location: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra

exocrine glands

secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body

endocrine glands

Glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream

merocrine glands

Exocrine glands that secrete without losing cellular material

apocrine glands

Sweat glands in the pubic and underarm areas that secrete thicker sweat, that produce odor when come in contact with bacteria on the skin

holocrine glands

Exocrine glands whose secretions are made up of disintegrated cells

serous fluid

A clear, watery fluid secreted by the cells of a serous membrane.

mucous glands

secrete mucins

mixed glands

Contain both serous and mucous cell types and produce a mixture of the two types of secretions

Fibroblasts

In connective tissue, cells that secrete the proteins of the fibers.

Fibrocytes

second most abundant cell type; found in all connective tissue proper; maintain the fibers of connective tissue proper

Macrophages

Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream.

Adipocytes

fat cells that make up most of the subcutaneous layer

Mast cells

Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine) that promote inflammation.

collagen fibers

a protein substance found in bone and cartilage

elastic fibers

branched and wavy, return to original length after stretching

reticular fibers

Fibers made of collagen fibers that are very thin and branched. Forma tightly woven fabric that joins connective tissue to adjacent tissues.

ground substance

unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers

areolar tissue

(also, loose connective tissue) a type of connective tissue proper that shows little specialization with cells dispersed in the matrix

vascular

adipose tissue

(also, loose connective tissue) Tissue that stores fat.

reticular tissue

(also, loose connective tissue) type of loose connective tissue that provides a supportive framework to soft organs, such as lymphatic tissue, spleen, and the liver

Tendons

(also, dense connective tissue) attach muscle to bone

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone

fluid connective tissue

specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins. blood and lymph with plasma matrix

supporting connective tissue

cartilage and bone

Cartilage

A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together. avasular

chondrocytes

mature cartilage cells

Osteocytes

a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted. vascular

cutaneous membrane

The skin; composed of epidermal and dermal layers

synovial membrane

The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space.

protein that contracts muscles

myosin an actin

skeletal muscle tissue

Voluntary and striated cell pulls on bones and causes body movements.

cardiac muscle tissue

specialized form of involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart. single nucleus and not striated

smooth muscle tissue

Non-striated Involuntary

Neurons

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

Neuroglia

cells that support and protect neurons

Axon

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands

Dendrites

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.

stage 1 of inflammation

Vessel dilation and capillary leak. mast cells are stimulated

Stage 2 of inflammation

histamine and heprine are released

Stage 3 of inflammation

tissue repair and replacement