CNM- inflammation and tumors

What are structures are lymph and blood?

tissues of the body

Where does lymph originate from?

blood, it's squeezed out of the capillaries

When is lymph considered lymph and not blood?

when it enters into the lymph capillaries

What are the 3 lymphatic system components?

1. lymph capillaries

2. lymphatic vessels

3. Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

What are the lymph capillaries?

They begin at the tissue space

What are the lymphatic vessels?

thicker than capillaries

What are the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct?

receive lymph from the lymphatic vessels

What special thing do the lymphatic vessels carry and why?

a valve to create a one directional flow toward the thoracic cavity

How much lymph is there every 24 hours?

3 liters

What promotes lymph flow?

pulsations from nearby arteries and smooth muscles in wall of trunks

What are the 3 lymphatic system functions?

1. link for fluids from tissue to blood

2. returns viable proteins to blood

3. passageway for toxic or disease substances

Why does cancer spread to the lymphatic system?

due to it being a passageway for toxins and disease

What is the afferent lymphatic vessel?

Allows blood to enter into the lymp node

What is the efferent lympahtic vessel?

allows lymph to exit

What are thee 3 lymph node functions?

1. to trap and filters toxic and malignant substances

2. phagocyte the microorganisms and other debris that enter the lymph

3. activate immune system

What shape and size are most lymph nodes?

bean shaped and 2.5 cm

What is the spleen?

the largest lymphatic organ and about the size of your fist

What are the 3 functions of the spleen?

1. provides site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune response

2. stores breakdown products from RBC for later use

3. stored platelets

What is a splenectomy?

removal of the spleen

Will the lymphatics work if your spleen is removed?

yes just higher risk for infections

Can the spleen regenerate?

yes in young children

What is the thymus?

bilobed gland at the root of the neck important for developing an immune system

What is a leukocycte or WBC?

blood cells that defend the body against foreign materials and infectious diseases

What are granulocytes?

phagocytes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

What are lymphocytes?

mount immune response

What are monocytes?

biggest phagocytes

What is the most valuable wbc?

neutrohpils because they are primarily involved in acute inflammation

What is inflammation?

injury stimulates the release of chemical substances (histamines) in the body that result in increased blood flow, increased capillary permeability, and leakage of plasma into tissue.

What is infection?

active growth of bacteria, fungi, or viruses in a tissue.

What are attracted to infection sites?

WBC especially neutrophils

What is always resulted from infection?

local inflammation

What is leukopenia?

abnormally low white blood cell count commonly induced by drugs

What is leukocytosis?

an increase in white blood cell count due to inflammatory response (wbc count= 11,000 cells per cubic centimeter).

What is pus?

A collection of tissue fluid, bacteria, dead and dying tissue cells, white blood cells, and macrophages in an inflamed area.

When does the volume of pus increase?

when neutrophils accumulate faster than local circulation can remove it

What is an abscess?

localized collection of pus anywhere in the body surrounded and walled off by damaged tissue at the periphery due to accumulation of serum proteins.

What is a cyst?

an abnormal sac or closed cavity lined with epithelium and filled with liquid.

What is sepsis?

a serious blood infection that is a result of an overwhelming immune response to infection.

What is lymphoma?

a general term for abnormal growth of new tissue in the lymphatic system.

What is hodkin's lymphoma?

Reed-Sternberg cells arising in the lymphatic tissue of unknown etiology. Curable in 75-85% cases, if found early.

What is non-hodgkin's lymphoma?

a cancer of the lymphoid tissue or lymphatic system. There are at least 10 different types and a biopsy is needed to determine treatment. Curable in 50% cases, but can be recurrent.

What age is hodgkin's lymphoma most seen in?

14-34 or over 55

What percent does non-hodgkin's account for?

4%

What is sarcoidosis?

inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of granulomas (small clumps of inflammatory cells) in one or more organs of the body.

What is lymphadenitis?

inflammatory disease in which small nodules or tubercles form in lymph nodes, usually due to infection.

What is lymphangitis?

inflammation of the lymphatic vessels, which can be seen most commonly as red steaks in the skin adjacent to the focus of strep infection.

What is lymphedema?

accumulation of lymph in the tissues, producing swelling, usually due to obstruction (injury, tumor, etc) or abnormality in the lymph vessels.

What is osteomyelitis?

inflammation of the bone marrow due to infection.

What is cellulitis?

inflammation of cellular or connective tissue that is not localized by the body's normal defense mechanisms and spreads through the tissue.

When is the risk of osteomyelitis increased?

when the bone marrow is exposed

What is peripheral vascular disease?

disease of the arteries and veins to the extremities, especially those conditions that interfere with adequate flow of blood to or from the extremities.

What is granulomatosis?

condition where a mass of tissue with granulations is produced in response to chronic infection, inflammation, foreign body (metals), or unknown cause.

What does PVD patients more prone to?

ulcerations in the lower extremities

What is interstitial pulmonary fibrosis?

the thickening and stiffening of the lining of the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs, causing progressive breathlessness.

How do you image interstitial pulmonary fibrosis?

with a gallium citrate exam

What is bacterial endocardidits?

bacteria colonizes on a heart valve (aorta or mital) and results in the destruction or scarring of the valve.

Can bacterail endocardiditis spread to other organs?

yes through breaking off the valve

What are some causes of bacterial endocarditis?

dental extractions, IV drug use, and infections of other areas of the body

What is pneumonia?

inflammation of the lung caused by bacteria, in which the air sacs fill up with pus so that air is excluded, and the lung becomes solid.

What is pyelonephritis?

bacterial infection of the kidneys

What is tuberculosis?

infectious disease characterized by nodular lesions (tubercules) in the tissue.

What is dermatomyositis?

inflammation disorder of the skin and underlying tissue including the muscles.

What is asbestosis?

by fibers of asbestos being inhaled (causes high incidence of lung cancer).

What is silicosis?

lung disease produced by inhaling silica dust can cause fibrosis

What is the treatment for most inflammatory diseases?

1. High doses of IV antibiotics and drainage

2. hyperbaric chambers

What do hyperbaric chambers do for inflammatory drug diseases?

kill off bacteria due to the high oxygen envrionment

What does Oma- mean?

benign tumor

What does carcinoma mean?

malignant tumor in the epithelial tissue

What is sarcoma?

tumors originating in supportive and connective tissues.

What does sarcoma mean?

maligant tumor

What is mixed tissue malignant neoplasm?

tumors containing tissue capable of differentiating into epithelial as well as connective tissue.

What is anaplasia?

lack of differentiation

What is metastasis?

spread of cancer

Can benign tumors still cause issues?

yes

What is grade 4 of cancer?

anaplastic so bad recognition of tumor and tissue is too difficult

What does T refer to in grading?

tumor size and degree of local extension

What does N refer to in grading?

nodal involvement and how many

What does M refer to in grading?

if it has metastisized

What are the 5 main categories of cancer?

1. in situ

2. localized

3. regional

4. distant

5. unknown

What is in situ?

Abnormal cells are present but have not spread to nearby tissue.

What is localized?

Cancer is limited to the place where it started, with no sign that it has spread.

What is regional?

Cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, tissues, or organs.

What is distant?

Cancer has spread to distant parts of the body.

What is unknown in staging?

There is not enough information to figure out the stage.

What is the cause for malignant disease?

unknown could be viruses

What is caution for cancer?

1. change in bowel movement

2. a sore that dose not heal

3. unusual discharge or bleeding

4. thickening lump in breast or elsewhere

5. indigestion

6. obvious change in mole or wat

7. nagging cough or wheezing

What is excisional biopsy?

removes the tumor and margin of normal tissue.

What is incisional biopsy?

pieces of tumor removed to establish diagnosis

What is needle biospy?

needle inserted into tissue of question and the core is removed; sometimes aspiration (suction) is done along with the biopsy

What is exfoliative cytology?

cells are scraped from the region of suspected disease and examined

What is Block resection

tumor is removed along with tissue and affected lymph nodes

What is exenteration?

a wide resection involving the removal of tumor, organ of origin, and all surrounding tissue in the body space.

What is cryosurgery?

malignant tumor is frozen and dies (can be used for tumors of the bladder and brain).

What is electrocauterization?

electric current is used to burn and destroy the tumor (can be used for tumors of the rectum and cervix)

What are some forms of treatment for malignant disease?

1. surgery

2. radiaiton therapy

3. drug or hormone therapy

What is radiaiton therapy?

The goal to give maximum dose of ionizing radiation to tumor and tissue with minimal dose to healthy tissue

What is radiosensitive tumor

irradiation kills cells without serious damage to surrounding tissues.

What is radioresistent?

cells require higher doses of radiation to cause death of tumor cells; this can lead to damages to surrounding normal tissue.

What is radiocurable?

localized tumors with no metastasis that are easily destroyed by radiation therapy.

What is fractionation?

small repeated doses of radiation rather than a few large doses; this allows you to give a higher total radiation dose without damaging normal tissues.