Kinesiology

Bony Landmarks

Category #1

Landmarks that are Articulating Surfaces of part of a joint

Category #2

Landmarks that are Projections for Muscle Attachment

Category #1

Landmarks that are Articulating Surfaces of part of a joint

Category #2

Landmarks that are Projections for Muscle Attachment

Category #3

Landmarks that are Depressions or Openings

Category #4

Other or those that don’t fit the above categories

Process

A bony prominence or projection

EX: spinous process

Spine

sharp slender projection

EX spine of the scapula

Tuberosity

a projection or protrusion

EX: radial tuberosity of deltoid tuberosity

Tubercle

a rounded process

EX: supraglenoid tubercle

Fossa

a depression or hollow

EX: temporal fossa

Crest

ridge

EX: ilac crest

Groove

narrow channel

EX: Bicipital groove

Condyle/Epicondyle

rounded knuckle-like prominence

EX: medial & lateral condyles of the femur,

and medial & lateral epicondyles of the humerus

Trochanter

processes at the top of the femur

EX: greater and lesser trochanter of the femur

Bony Landmarks on Tibia & Fibula (4)

ANTERIOR VIEW

Head of Fibula

Lateral Malleolous (bump on outer ankle)

Tibial Tuberosity

Medial Malleolous (inner ankle bump)

Bony Landmarks on FEMUR (4)

Anterior View

Greater Trochanter

Lesser Trochanter

Lateral Condyle

Medial Condyle

Bony Landmarks of Pelvis and Ishium (7)

Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)

Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS)

Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS)

Iliac Fossa

Iliac Crest

Pubic Crest

Ischial Tuberosity

Bony Landmarks of Radius and Ulna (4)

Anterior View

Radial Tuberosity

Styloid Process

Olecranon Process (elbow/funny bone)

Ulnar Tuberosity

Bony Landmarks of Humerus (7)

Anterior View

Greater Tubercle

Lesser Tubercle

Bicipital Groove

Deltoid Tuberosity

Lateral Epicondyle

Medial Epicondyle

Lateral Supra Condyle Ridge

Bony Landmarks of Scapula (13)

Posterior and Lateral View

Medial Border (posterior view)

Lateral Border (posterior view)

Acromium Process (posterior view)

Coracoid Process (both views)

Inferior Angle (both views)

Superior Angle (both views)

Glenoid Fossa (socket, lateral view)

InfraGlenoid Tubercle (socket, lateral view)

SupraGlenoid Tubercle (socket, lateral view)

Spine of Scapula (posterior view)

InfraSpinous Fossa (posterior view)

SupraSpinous Fossa (posterior view)

Subscapular Fossa (lateral view)

Bony Landmarks of Sternum (2)

Anterior View

Manubrium

Xyphoid Process

Bony Landmarks Vertebra (2)

Spinous Process

Transverse Process

Note: Luminar groove is between processes

Bony Landmarks Skull/Cranium (3)

Occipital Ridge (back of head)

Mastoid Process (triangular behind ear)

Zygomatic Arch (cheek bone

The study of movement

Kinesiology

Doesn't contract or move under conscious control and associated with smooth and cardiac muscles

Ex: digestive tract

Involuntary muscle movement

move with free will of the person and almost always associated with skeletal system

Ex: conscious movement like arms and legs

Voluntary muscle movements

Name 3 muscle tissues

Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle

Skeletal muscle

Also called myocardium and found only in the heart, involuntary, striated muscle

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary, non-striated muscle

present in the walls of hollow organs

passageways of arteries and veins, and the tracks of the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems

Smooth Muscle

Voluntary muscles that are attached to bones and tendons and produce all the movements of body parts and relation to each other

Skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscles structure contains

Endomysium

Fascicles

Perimysium

Epimysium

Endomysium

Muscle fibers (cells)wrapped in fascia

Fascicles

Muscle fibers grouped form this

Perimysium

Muscle fibers grouped to form fascicles and wrapped in fascia

Epimysium

Fascicles form the muscle belly which is wrapped in fascia

Tendon

Attaches muscle belly to bone

What attaches muscle to bone, has smooth, tough, almost resilient feel to it regardless of the shape, and has variations in shapes and sizes such as long and thin short and wide or broad and flat

Tendons

Triangular shape on back, broad and flat

Appneurosis

What is a dense connective tissue, we are covered in it

Fascia

Allows fascicles and their fibers to move individually or together with ease

Fascia

A continuous sheet of fibrous membrane under the skin (superficial: closer to the surface) and surrounding muscles in organs (deep: further into the body)

Fascia

Comprised of all skeletal muscles

Attached to bone by attendant

Allows movement, maintains body posture/position (muscle tone)

Provides heat to maintain body temperature

Muscular system

True/False: A muscles name can give you clues to its specific features

True

Rhomboids tell you

Shape

Temporarilis tells you

Location

External obliques tells you

Fiber direction

Adductors tells you

Action

Coracobrachialis

Attachment site

The muscle mainly responsible for a particular movement

Prime mover (agonist)

Assists in a particular movement

Synergist

Produces a movement opposite of the prime mover and synergist (stops)

Antagonist

Muscle attachment to the Moore stationary bone

Origin

Muscle attachment to the more mobile phone

Insertion

The terminology of movement always refers to what movement is occurring at the_____

Joints

The point of contact between Bones

Joint or articulation

A joint structure determines its____

Function

Articulations have what 3 types of structures

Fibrous

Cartilageous

Synovial

Does not allow significant movement

Ex: joints between cranial bones (sutures)

Fibrous

Allows slight movements

Ex: joint between the pubic bone and between vertebral bodies

Cartilaginous

Allows movement and multiple planes

Contains a joint cavity and joint capsule

Synovial

Name the six types of synovial joints

Ball and socket joint

Ellipsoid joint

Saddle joint

Hinge joint

Gliding joint

Pivot joint

Allows movement in every plane

Ex: shoulder and hip

Ball and socket joint

Oval end of one bone articulates with ellipsoid basin of other bone allowing flexion/extension and abduction/abduction

Ex: radius articulating with carp, metacarpals and phal, metatarsals and phalanges

Ellipsoid joint

Modified ellipsoid, name saddle because the articulating surfaces join like two saddles

Ex: only one is the first metacarpal, thumb

Saddle joint

Allows flexion and extension

Ex: elbow, knee, phalanges

Hinge joint

Found between two flat surfaces, allows small shifting movements and permits the least amount of movement of the synovial joints

Ex: carpals and tarsals

Gliding joint

Allows one bone to rotate around the surface of another

Ex: between first and second vertebrae (Atlantoaxial joint)

Pivot joint

Bending a joint/bringing bones closer together.

Ex: fetal position flex - knee opposite

Flexion

Straighten or open a joint

Ex: fist open and close

Extension

A joint brings a limb medially toward (in) the body's midline

Adduction

Moves a limb laterally away (out) from the midline

Abduction

A limb turns in toward the midline

Ex: at hip when you roll the leg in

Medial (internal) rotation

A limb turns away from the midline

E: - roll leg out

Lateral (external) Rotation

Pertains only to the axial skeleton, specifically the head and vertebral column.

Ex: shake head

Rotation

Possible only at the shoulder and hip joints, a combination of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction; together these actions create a cone shaped movement

Ex: backstroke movement

Circumdunction

Occurs only at the axial skeleton, when a structure bends laterally to the side

Ex: ear to shoulder

Lateral flexion

Movement superiorly

Ex: clothes jaw

Elevation

Movement inferiorly

Ex: Open jaw

Depression

When the radius and ulna lip parallel to one another

ex: palm upward

Supination

When the radius crosses over the ulna

Ex: palm down

Pronation

Elevates the foot's medial side

Ex: inside of foot up

Inversion

Elevates the foot's lateral side

Ex: outside of foot down

Eversion

Pointing your foot downward

Ex: toes down

Plantar flexion

Pointing your foot upward

Ex: toes up

Dorsiflexion

When a structure moves anteriorly

Ex: underbite

Protraction

When a structure moves posteriorly

Ex: overbite

Retraction

Occurs at the mandible during talking or chewing

Ex: side to side

Deviation

When the thumb pad crosses the palm towards the pinky finger

Opposition

What are the 3 planes of movement

Transverse

Frontal

Sagittal

Divides the body into upper and lower parts

Rotation occurs on this plane

Transverse

Divides the body into front and back parts

Adduction in abduction occur in this plane

Frontal

Divides the body into left and right parts

Flexion and extension occur on this plane

Sagittal

Standing erect with palms facing forward

Anatomical position

Lying with face upward, lying on back

Remember: supine on the spine

Supine

Lying with face downward, lying on stomach

Prone

Toward the front of the body

Anterior

Toward the back of the body

Posterior

A structure closer to the head

Superior

A structure closer to the feet

Inferior

A structure closer to the midline (center) of the body

Medial