WORLD HISTORY SEMESTER 2 FINAL EXAM

steam engine

most influential invention of the Industrial Revolution, provided an inanimate and almost limitless source of power beyond wind, water, or muscle and could be used to drive machines, 18th century Britain. This allowed for much greater productivity and created an alternative to that of previous sources such as water and wind, increase of power making the Industrial Revolution possible; invented by James Watt

factory system

the system of producing goods made on a mass scale by machines in a factory which replaced goods made by individual craftsmen

mass production

to produce or manufacture (goods) in large quantities, especially by machinery

enclosure movement

the legal process in England during the 18th century of enclosing a number of small landholdings to create one larger farm. Once enclosed, use of the land became restricted to the owner, and it ceased to be common land for communal use

monopoly

the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service

urbanization

the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more and more people begin living and working in central areas

labor union

an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests

strike

a refusal to work organized by a body of employees as a form of protest, typically in an attempt to gain a concession or concessions from their employer

laissez-faire

an economic policy that advocates government staying out of the business sector

New Imperialism

a period of colonial expansion by European powers, the United States of America, and the Empire of Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries

White Man's Burden

the supposed or presumed responsibility of white people to govern and impart their culture to nonwhite people, often advanced as a justification for European colonialism

sphere of influence

a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority

Great Rebellion

a rebellion in India against the rule of the British East India Company, that ran from 1857-1858. The rebellion began as a mutiny of sepoys of the East India Company's army; The 1857 and 1858 insurrection by Muslim and Hindu mercenaries in the British army which spread throughout northern and central India before finally being crushed, primarily by loyal native troops from southern India. Britain thereafter ruled India directly

Partition of Africa

the invasion, occupation, division, colonization and annexation of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism, between 1881 and 1914

Berlin Conference

a meeting between European nations to create rules on how to peacefully divide Africa among them for colonization

Scramble for Africa

another name for the Partition of Africa

protectorate

a state that is controlled and protected by another

economic imperialism

Gaining economic benefits from other countries, without actually conquering them

militarism

the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests

Triple Alliance

a military alliance between Germany, Hungary, and Italy that lasted from 1882 until the start of WWI in 1914

Triple Entente

the understanding linking the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente on 31 August 1907

Franz Ferdinand

archduke of Austria and heir apparent to Francis Joseph I; his assassination at Sarajevo triggered the outbreak of World War I

neutrality

the state of not supporting or helping either side in a conflict, disagreement, etc.; impartiality

stalemate

a situation in which no progress can be made or no advancement is possible

trench warfare

a type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other

inflation

a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money

rationing

the process of a governing body controlling the issuance of goods and services to the public

propaganda

information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view

Fourteen Points

the war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations

Treaty of Versailles

1919; a document signed between Germany and the Allied Powers following World War I that officially ended that war, forced Germany to pay all reparations from the war

League of Nations

International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s.

czar

an emperor of Russia before 1917

Crimean War

(1853 - 1856) A war fought in East Europe on the Black Sea and on Crimea (Ukraine) between Russia and the Allies: Britain, France, Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire.

serfdom

a person in a condition of servitude, required to render services to a lord, commonly attached to the lord's land and transferred with it from one owner to another

socialism

a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole

Nicholas II

1868-1918. The last czar of Russia (1894-1917), whose reign was marked by defeat in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), the 1905 Revolution, the influence of Rasputin, involvement in World War I, and governmental incompetence, all of which helped precipitate the Revolution of 1917

Bolsheviks

members of the majority faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party, which was renamed the Communist Party after seizing power in the October Revolution of 1917.

Mensheviks

members of the non-Leninist wing of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party, opposed to the Bolsheviks and defeated by them after the overthrow of the tsar in 1917.

bourgeoisie

(in Marxist theory) the class that, in contrast to the proletariat or wage-earning class, is primarily concerned with property values; the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes

proletariat

workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism).

Marxism

A political-economic theory based on the writings of Karl Marx (1818 - 1883) that offers a critique of capitalism. It presents a vision of social change & society liberated from capitalist exploitation through a communist revolution.

Leninism

the form of Communism as taught by Lenin, with emphasis on the dictatorship of the proletariat.

duma

a legislative body in the ruling assembly of Russia and of some other republics of the former Soviet Union.

Russian Civil War

1918-1920: conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies. Red vs. White Army.

war communism

the economic and political system that existed in Soviet Russia during the Russian Civil War, from 1918 to 1921; this policy was adopted by the Bolsheviks with the goal of keeping towns and the Red Army stocked with food and weapons

Red Terror

a campaign of mass killings, torture, and systematic oppression conducted by the Bolsheviks after the beginning of the Russian Civil War in 1918

New Economic Policy

an economic policy of Soviet Russia proposed by Vladimir Lenin, who described it as a progression towards "state capitalism" within the workers' state of the USSR

oligarchy

a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.

caudillo

Military dictator; gained control after independence movements in Latin American countries

conservative

One who favors more limited and local government, less government regulation of markets, and more social conformity to traditional norms and values

liberal

One who favors more government regulation of business and support for social welfare but less regulation of private social conduct

Porfirio Diaz

President/Dictator (a Caudillo) who ruled Mexico from 1876-1911; there was peace and industrialization during his reign, but also oppression with impoverished peasantry

Mexican Revolution

1910; a revolution for agrarian reforms led in northern Mexico by Pancho Villa and in southern Mexico by Emiliano Zapata

Mexican Constitution of 1917

Promised land reform, limited foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed the rights of workers, and places restrictions on clerical education; marked formal end of Mexican Revolution

PRI

Party of the Institutionalized Revolutions; dominated political party in Mexico; developed during the 1920s and 1930s incorporated labor, peasant, military, and middle-class sectors; controlled other political organizations in Mexico

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

Turkish nationalist leader who became the first president of modern Turkey and set about to modernize and Westernize Turkey, including making it more secular

Reza Shah Pahlavi

the founder of the Pahlavi dynasty. He rose from the ranks to become minister of war, prime minister, and then shah of Iran. As a reformer-dictator, he laid the foundation of modern Iran.

Sykes-Picot Agreement

also called Asia Minor Agreement, (May 1916), secret convention made during World War I between Great Britain and France, with the assent of imperial Russia, for the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire. The agreement led to the division of Turkish-held Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine into various French- and British-administered areas. Negotiations were begun in November 1915, and the final agreement took its name from its negotiators, Sir Mark Sykes of Britain and François Georges-Picot of France.

Mandate system

system that developed in the wake of World War I when the former colonies ended up mandates under European control, a thinly veiled attempt at continuing imperialism
the mandate system

Arab

a member of a Semitic people, originally from the Arabian peninsula and neighboring territories, inhabiting much of the Middle East and North Africa

Greater Syria

Once comprised parts of Lebanon, Jordan, Western Iraq, Israel, and Palestine. Nationalist term to define a united Arabic state to include Levant and Mesopotamia.

Zionism

a policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine

Balfour Declaration

a statement, issued by the British government on November 2, 1917, favoring the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jews but without prejudice to the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II

fascism

A system of government characterized by strict social and economic control and a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator. First found in Italy by Mussolini

Black Shirts

members of a fascist organization having a black shirt as a distinctive part of its uniform; a member of the Italian Fascist party.

totalitarianism

a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state

Il Duce

Mussolini's title for himself during World War II, meaning "the chief" in Italian

censorship

the suppression or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, etc. that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security

Weimar Republic

the democratic government founded in Germany following Kaiser Wilhelm II's abdication near the end of War World I. It continued in name until 1945, but actually ended with Hitler's seizure of dictatorial powers in 1933

Adolf Hitler

a radical German nationalist during World War I. He led the National Socialist German Workers' Party-the Nazi Party-in the 1920s and became dictator of Germany in 1933. He led Europe into World War II

Nazi Party

a political group that ruled Germany between 1933 and 1945; in English the official name is the National Socialist German Workers' Party; started World War II under Adolf Hitler's leadership

Brownshirts

a member of an early Nazi militia founded by Hitler in Munich in 1921, with brown uniforms resembling that of Mussolini's Blackshirts. They aided Hitler's rise to power, but were eclipsed by the SS after the "night of the long knives" in June 1934

Mein Kampf

the infamous book written by Adolf Hitler. Its title is German for 'My Struggle' and it was published in two volumes between 1925 and 1927. In the book, Hitler gave a fanciful account of his life and set down his political ideas for Germany

Fuhrer

a German word meaning leader or guide. As a political title it is most associated with the Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler

SS

The Schutzstaffel, translated literally to "Protection Squadron"; a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers' Party in Nazi Germany

Gestapo

abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, or the Secret State Police; the official secret police of Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe

Kristallnacht

Also known as The Night of the Broken Glass. On this night, November 9, 1938, almost 200 synagogues were destroyed, over 8,000 Jewish shops were sacked and looted, and tens of thousands of Jews were removed to concentration camps

Joseph Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

command economy

an economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government.

Five-Year Plan

a list of economic goals, created by General Secretary Joseph Stalin and based on his policy of Socialism in One Country; implemented between 1928 and 1932; concentrated on developing heavy industry and collectivizing agriculture, at the cost of a drastic fall in consumer goods

collective

a jointly operated amalgamation of several small farms, especially one owned by the government

Great Purge

Also known as the Great Terror, a period of systematic political repression that targeted elimination of suspect individuals that was carried out in the Soviet Union between 1934 and 1940; took the form of warranties arrests and lavish show trials and which the accused confessed to outrageous crimes

show trials

a judicial trial held in public with the intention of influencing or satisfying public opinion, rather than of ensuring justice

gulag

a system of labor camps maintained in the former Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin from 1930 to 1955 in which many people died from starvation and maltreatment

Francisco Franco

The general and dictator Francisco Franco (1892-1975) ruled over Spain from 1939 until his death. He rose to power during the bloody Spanish Civil War when, with the help of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, his Nationalist forces overthrew the democratically elected Second Republic. Adopting the title of "El Caudillo" (The Leader)

sanctions

Boycotts, embargoes, and other economic measures that one country uses to pressure another country into changing its policies.

Axis Powers

a group of countries that opposed the Allied powers in World War II, including Germany, Italy, and Japan as well as Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, and Yugoslavia; led by Nazi Germany.

appeasement

A political policy of conceding to aggression by a warlike nation

Reich

(with reference to Germany) empire; realm; nation

Anschluss

the term used to describe the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938; the political union of Austria with Germany

isolationism

The doctrine that a nation should stay out of the disputes and affairs of other nations. The United States practiced this policy until World War I and did not pursue an active international policy until after World War II

Lebensraum

translated to "living space"; territory believed especially by Nazis to be necessary for national existence or economic self-sufficiency

Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact

A treaty made by Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 that opened the way for both nations to invade Poland

Blitzkrieg

A form of warfare used by German forces in World War II; these tactics resulted in the swift German conquest of France in 1940; German for "lightning war."

blitz

an intensive or sudden military attack

Allied Powers

those nations allied in opposition to the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey) in World War I or to the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) in World War II.

Lend-Lease Act

Program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, France and other Allied nations with vast amounts of war material between 1941 and 1945 in return for, in the case of Britain, military bases in Newfoundland, Bermudas, and the British West Indies.

Atlantic Charter

a pivotal policy statement issued during World War II on 14 August 1941, which defined the Allied goals for the post-war world. The leaders of the United Kingdom and the United States drafted the work and all the Allies of World War II later confirmed it.