Unit 4 AP World Vocab

Global conflict, Cold War, and Decolonization to Globalization

Belief in the need for a strong military to achieve national goals

Militarism

Pre-WWl alliance of England, France, and Russia

Triple Alliance

An underlying cause of WWl

Nationalism

Intense competition among European powers to seize control on the lands of Asia and Africa. Created deep rivalries, distrust, and flashpoints fueling alliances and tension

Imperialism

1914 - intense diplomatic and military standoff in Europe following the assassination of Archduke Franz-Ferdinand (Austro-Hungarian Heir) and led to the start of WWl

The July Crisis

German war plans to deal with a war in which battles would have to be fought on 2 fronts. the plan was implemented at the start of WWl. When it was clear Germany would go to war with Russia and France

Schlieffen Plan

Combat where opposing troops fight in trenches facing eachother

Trench Warfare

A conflict mobilizing all of a nations resources for the war effort. Aiming for complete destruction of enemy rather than a compromise peace.

Total war

Restriction of civil liberties, censorship of bad news, and vilification of the enemy through campaigns

propaganda

Germanys policy of sinking any vessel, including neutral and civilian ships in declared war zones without warning.

Unrestricted submarine warfare

Soviets of workers and solider deputies surfaced over Russia, having considerable power through their control of factories and segments of the military. Political struggle between provisional government and petrograde soviet

Russian Revolution 1917

Crucial agreement 11/11/1918 between allies and Germany marking the end of fighting in WWl

Armistice 1918

1919 peace treaty that officially ended WWl

treaty of Versailles

International body formed after WWl (1920-1946) to promote world peace, security and cooperation through collective security, disarmament, and resolving disputes via negotiation

League of Nations

Process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and goverment

Self-Determination

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Reached maturity during/after WWl, high proportion of whose men were killed

Lost Generation

Austrian neurologist and found of psychoanalysis 1866-1939

Sigmund Freud

Talk therapy and theory of the mind- Unconcious, feelings, past to resolve conflict

Psychoanalysis

German born physicist who developed theory of relativity and had profound influence on science in the 20th century 1879-1955

Albert Einstein

Showed space and time arent absolute, but relative to an observers motion, special and general relativity.

Theory of relativity

Cornerstone of quantum mechanics. Fundamental limit to how precisely you can simultaneously know certain pairs of particles properties.

Uncertainty Principle (Werner Heisenberg)

Cultural movement 19-20th century - rejected traditional styles, embracing experimentation, abstraction, and new art forms

Modernism

Art movements that shattered tradition representation. Multiple view points, geometric shapes, 2D, rejected realism

Cubism (Pablo Picasso)

1919-1930 revolutionary German art school merged fine arts with crafts, emphasized functionality and simplicity

Bauhaus Movement

Worst global economic downturn in modern history 1929-1930s massive unemployment, dropped production and trade, poverty, bank failure.

Great Depression

FDR massive set of programs and reforms to combat the great depression “Relief, recovery, reform” 1933-39

New Deal

Authoritarian political ideology-extreme nationalism, dictator, centralized autocratic rule, militarism, and suppression of opposition

Fascism

Founder of Italian Fascism and Italys dictator 1922-43 lead national fascist party

Benito Mussolini

German dictator 1933-45 consolidated power to establish totaltarian Nazi state

Adolf Hitler

Political doctrine of the Nazi party of Germany

National Socialism (Nazism)

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Major center left. Stance as one of non-cooperation with the British war effort unless granted immediate and complete independence

Indian National Congress

1869-1948 Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist and political ethicist. Nonviolent resistance leader for Indias independence

Mohandas Gandhi

Philosophy of nonviolent resistance “truth-force.” appealing to the oppressors conscience through peaceful means

Satyagraha

1876-1948 lawyer, politician, statesman, and founder of Pakistan

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Chinese revolutionary and political leader. Overthrowing Qing dynasty and establishing the Republic of China

Sun Yat-sen

Chinese anti-imperialist, cultural, and political protest. Protest Treaty of Versailles to give German territories in China to Japan

May Fourth Movement

Founding and sole ruling political party of the PRC

Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

Founder of the PRC 1949. Lead CCP to victory in the civil war. Disastrous policies - Great Leap forward and cultural revolution

Mao Zedong

Pivotal military retreat by Chinas Red Army (CCP) 1934-35, fleeing nationalist forces, covered 6,000mi. Solidified Mao Zedongs leadership.

Long March

Advocacy of the political union of all the indigenous inhabitants of Africa

Pan-Africanism

Powerful orator, black nationalist leader, and pan-africanist. Championed racial pride, economic independence. “back to Africa”

Marcus Garvey

Use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control influence of other countries, especially former dependencies

Neocolonialism

Giant of mexican and international arts. famous for large scale, politically charged murals that celebrated Mexican history and more ideas.

Diego Rivera

FDRs 1930s foreign policy for Latin American non-intervention non-interference in domestic affairs, and mutual respect. Cooperation and economics prioritized over military

Good Neighbor Policy

Use of a countries financial power to extend its international influence

Dollar Diplomacy

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Military coalition led by Germany, Italy, and Japan WW2. Driven by aggressive, expansionist ideologies like fascism, and militarism.

Axis Powers

Coalitions of countries most notably WW1 and WW2. Fought against aggressor nations. US, UK, Soviet Union, China, etc.

Allied powers

Conflict between democratically elected republican government and nationalist rebels led by General Francisco Franco

Spanish Civil War

Diplomatic policy (Britain and France) to avoid war with Nazi Germany by making concessions to Hitlers demands

Appeasement

1939 treaty Nazi Germany and Soviet Union agreed not to attack each other, secretly dividing east Europe into spheres of influence

German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

Intense military campaign intended to bring about a swift victory

Blitzkrieg

9/27/1940 signed by Germany, Italy, Japan. Defensive military alliance formed Axis powers of WW2

Tripartite Pact

Allowed US to provide military and material aid to allied nations during WW2 without immediate cash payment

Lend-Lease Program

US naval base on Oahu Hawaii-site of surprise Japanese attack 12/1941 - led US into WW2

Pearl Harbor

Japans WW2 concept for a self-sufficient Asian bloc. Served as justification for Japanese imperial expansion

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

June 1941 Nazi Germanys massive surprise invasion of the Soviet Union

Operation Barbarossa

1933-45 systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of 6 million Jews by Nazi regime and collaborators

Holocaust

Code name by Nazi Germany for Holocaust of European Jews during WW2

Final solution

1947-91 between communist USSR and capitalist US and its allies. Ideological struggle, arms race, espionage, and proxy wars

Cold War

1947 Harry S. Truman US foreign policy. Committed America to resist communism by providing political, military, and economic air - shift US from isolation to active intervention against USSR

Truman Doctrine

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Process by which former colonies achieved their independence, as with the newly emerging African nations 1950s-60s

Decolonization

Division of British India into 2 independent nations, Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan 1947

Partition of India

Emphasizing religious over national identity

Communalism (India)

Movement in which leaders of former colonial states sought to assert their independence form either soviet or US domination. Initial meeting held in 1955 in Bandung India

Nonalignment movement

1890-1969 North Vietnamese revolutionary and politician who first fought the French and then the American and the became the first prime minister of North Vietnam 1945

Ho Chi Minh

Major international meeting in Switzerland to resolve issues from the Korean war and the first Indochina war

Geneva Conference 1954

Communist Vietnam would lead to the spread of communism throughout South East Asia

Domino theory

1918-1970 2nd president of Egypt who led the overthrow of the monarchy in 1952 and served from 1954 until his death

Gamal Abdel Nasser

International conflict triggered by Egypts nationalization of the Suez canal

Suez crisis 1956

Nationalist movement that emerged in the later 19th century advocating for self determination and a sovereign homeland for the Jewish people in their ancestral land of Israel

Zionism

Pan-Africanism/Negritude

“blackness” a term coined by early African nationalists as a means of celebrating the heritage of black peoples around the world

Algerian organization that fought a bloody guerrilla war for freedom against France

FLN (National Liberation Front), Algeria

South African system of “Separateness” that was implemented in 1948 and that maintained the black majority in position of political, social, and economic subordination

Apartheid

African political party formed in 1912 that provided consistent opposition to the apartheid state and eventually became the majority part at the end of the apartheid era in 1994

African National Congress (ANC)

1918-2013 South African revolutionary and politician who consistently fought against the apartheid start until its demise in 1994. He became the first black president of South Africa and served from 1994-99

Nelson Mandela

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“restructuring” a Russian term associated with Gorbachevs effort to reorganize the Soviet state

Perestroika

Russian term meaning “openess” introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985 to describe the process of opening soviet society to dissidents and public critisism

Glasnost

Initial suppression of mass demonstration. Little violence was associated with the transfer of power in societies formerly ruled by an iron fist

Velvet revolution

breaking down of traditional boundaries in the face of increasingly global financial and cultural trends

Globalization

Organization that was established in 1995 with more than 120 nations and whose goal is to loosen barriers to free trade

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Large company with operation, production, or services in at least 2 countries

Multinational Corporations

Mid 20th century transformation in agriculture, high yield crops and modern technology to boost good production

Green Revolution

Human induced climate change - global warming, emission of greenhouse gases = gradual heating

Climate Change

Acronym for fast-growing and developing economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China

BRIC Nations

Gap between those with and without access to modern information and communication technology. Like internet and computers.

Digital Divide

Premeditated, politically ideologically motivated attack/threat of attack against information - computers and data

Cyberterrorism

Movement of people from one place to another driven by push and pull factors

migration

Historic process where people move from rural to areas to cities

Urbanization

Organization that operate independently of any government

Nongovernmental Organization (NGOs)

English as the world dominant Lingua Franca - communication across different languages

Global English