BIO 145 - Chapter 12 - Blood

a type of connective tissue, a complex mixture of cells, chemicals, and fluid

Blood

Three functions of blood

transports substances throughout the body, helps to maintain a stable interstitial fluid environment, and distribute heat

What are the four main components of blood?

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma

a mixture of water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular wastes

Plasma

A blood hematocrit (HCT) is normally __% cells (mainly RBCs) and __% plasma.

45% cells, 55% plasma

What is the blood volume of an average-sized adult?

About 5.3 quarts (5 liters)

biconcave disks that contain one-third oxygen-carrying hemoglobin by volume

Red blood cells (erthrocytes)

When oxygen combines with hemoglobin, bright red ______ results.

oxyhemoglobin

Deoxygenated blood (deoxyhemoglobin) is ____.

darker

___ ____ ___ discards their nuclei during development and so cannot reproduce or produce proteins

Red blood cells

Red blood cells produce ATP through _____ alone and can not use the oxygen they carry since they have no mitochondria

glycolysis

"The number of red blood cells is a measure of the blood's ____ ____ _____"

oxygen-carrying capacity

In the embryo and fetus, red blood cell production (erythropoiesis) occurs in ____, ____, and ____; after birth, it occurs in the ___ ___ ___.

yolk sac, liver, and spleen; red bone marrow

What is the average life span of a red blood cell?

120 days

Red blood cells form from

hematopoietic stem cells (hemocytoblasts)

The total number of red blood cells remains relatively constant due to a ______ _____ ____

negative feedback mechanism

The negative feedback mechanism that keeps the total number of red blood cells constant uses the hormone ______

erythropoietin

Erythropoietin is released from the kidneys and liver in response to the detection of ___ _____ ____

low oxygen levels

Excessive increase in red blood cells is called _____ which causes viscous, slow moving blood.

polycythemia

_____ and ___ ___ are needed for DNA synthesis, so they are necessary for the reproduction of all body cells, especially in hematopoietic tissue.

B12 and folic acid

____ is needed for hemoglobin synthesis; most comes from recycling old red blood cells.

iron

A deficiency in red blood cells or quantity of hemoglobin results in ____

anemia

With ___, red blood cells become increasingly fragile and are damaged by passing through narrow capillaries.

age

______ in the liver and spleen phagocytize damaged red blood cells.

Macrophages

Hemoglobin from the decomposed red blood cells is converted into ____ and ____

heme and globin

Heme is decomposed into ___ which is stored or converted into _____ and then _____ which are excreted in bile.

iron, biliverdin, bilirubin

_____ is broken down into amino acids and reused.

Globin

___ ____ ___ help defend the body against disease.

White blood cells (leukocytes)

White blood cells are formed from hemocytoblasts in ____ ____ ___

red bone marrow

What are the two categories of hormones that stimulate white blood cell production?

interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)

White blood cells can leave the bloodstream to ____ ____

fight infection

The life span of a white blood cell is about __ ___

12 hours

The four ways the white blood cell types are distinguished:

size, granular appearance of the cytoplasm, shape of the nucleus, and staining characteristics

The types of white blood cells are _____ and _____

granulocytes and agranulocytes

The granulocytes include _____, _____ and ______

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

The agranulocytes include _____ and _____

monocytes and lymphocytes

_____ have purple-stained fine cytoplasmic granules and a multi-lobed nucleus; they comprise 54-62% of leukocytes.

Neutrophils

_____ have coarse granules that stain deep red, a bilobed nucleus, and make up only 1-3% of circulating leukocytes.

Eosinophils

_____ have fewer granules that stain blue; they account for fewer than 1% of leukocytes.

Basophils

_____ are the largest blood cells, have variably-shaped nuclei, and make up 3-9% of circulating leukocytes.

Monocytes

_____ are long-lived, have a large, round nucleus, and account for 25-33% of circulating leukocytes.

lymphocytes

_____ can squeeze between cells lining walls of blood vessels by diapedesis and attack bacteria and debris.

leukocytes

_____ and _____ are phagocytic, with monocytes (become macrophages) engulfing the larger particles. Both of these contain many lysosomes that help breakdown organic molecules.

Neutrophils and monocytes

moderate inflammation and allergic reactions, as well as defend against parasitic infections

Eosinophils

_____ migrate to damaged tissues and release histamine to promote inflammation and heparin to inhibit blood clotting.

Basophils

promotes inflammation

Histamine

Inhibits blood clotting

Heparin

_____ are the major players in specific immune reactions; B cells produce antibodies.

lymphocytes

Normally a cubic millimeter of blood contains ____ to ____ white blood cells.

3,500 to 10,500

_____ occurs after an infection when excess numbers of leukocytes are present.

Leukocytosis

too few white blood cells, occurs from a variety of conditions, including AIDS.

leukopenia

A _____________ can help pinpoint the nature of an illness, indicating whether it is caused by bacteria or viruses. It lists the percentages of the types of leukocytes in a blood sample.

differential white blood cell count (DIFF)

_____ help repair damaged blood vessels by adhering to their broken edges.

Platelets

Blood ____ or ____ are fragments of megakaryocytes, developed from hematopoietic stem cells in response to thrombopoietin.

platelets or thrombocytes

Normal platelet counts vary from ______ to _____ platelets per mm3.

150,000 to 350,000

"The clear, straw-colored fluid portion of the blood. It's mostly water (92%) but contains a variety of substances."

plasma

____ functions to transport nutrients and gases, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, and maintain a favorable pH.

Plasma

The ____ ____ are the most abundant dissolved substances in the plasma.

plasma proteins

Plasma proteins are not used for energy and fall into three groups:

albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen

_____ help maintain the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood and account for 60% of the plasma proteins.

albumins

____ comprising 36% of the plasma proteins, are designated as alpha, beta, and gamma.

globulins

____ and ___ globulins function in transporting lipids and fat-soluble vitamins.

Alpha and beta globulins

A type of antibody

gamma globulins

(4%) plays a primary role in blood coagulation.

Fibrinogen

The most important blood gases are ____ and ___ ___

oxygen and carbon dioxide.

The four types of plasma nutrients include

amino acids, monosaccharides, nucleotides, and lipids from the digestive tract.

Since lipids are not soluble in the water of the plasma, they are surrounded by protein molecules for transport through the bloodstream as _____.

lipoproteins

_____ ____ ____ generally include amino acids, urea, and uric acid, creatine and creatinine.

Nonprotein nitrogenous substances

____ and ___ ___ are the by-products of protein and nucleic acid catabolism

urea and uric acid

____ ___ come from the breakdown of proteins.

Amino acids

_____ comes from creatine (creatine phosphate in muscles)

Creatinine

Plasma _____ are absorbed by the intestine or are by-products of cellular metabolism.

electrolytes

Eight types of plasma electrolytes

sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate ions

Some of these ions are important in maintaining ___ ___ and __ of the plasma.

osmotic pressure and pH

the stoppage of bleeding

Hemostasis

Following injury to a vessel, three steps occur in hemostasis:

blood vessel spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation

Cutting a blood vessel causes the muscle in its walls to contract in a reflex, or engage in

vasospasm

Platelets release ____ during the blood vessel spasm constricting smooth muscles in the blood vessel walls.

serotonin

______ stick to the exposed edges of damaged blood vessels, forming a net with spiny processes protruding from their membranes.

platelets

A ____ ____ is most effective on a small vessel.

platelet plug

Blood _____ is the most effective means of hemostasis.

coagulation

Blood coagulation is very complex and uses many ____ ____ as well as calcium.

clotting factors

Damaged tissues release a chemical called ______ _____, which activates the first in a series of factors leading to the production of prothrombin activator

tissue thromboplastin

________ ______ converts prothrombin in the plasma into thrombin. This in turn, catalyzes a reaction that converts fibrinogen into fibrin.

Prothrombin activator

The major event in blood clot formation is the conversion of soluble ____ into net like insoluble ____ causing the blood cells to catch.

fibrinogen, fibrin

plasma minus the clotting factors

serum

The amount of prothrombin activator formed is proportional to the amount of

tissue damage

Once a blood clot forms, it promotes still more clotting through a ____ ____ ____

positive feedback system

After a clot forms, ______ is converted to ____ that digests the fibrin.

plasminogen, plasmin

After fibrin is digested, ______ then enter the area and begin repair by forming fibrous connective tissue to seal the break.

fibroblasts

A clot that forms abnormally in a vessel is a_____; if it dislodges, it is an _____.

thrombus, embolus

Clumping of red blood cells following transfusion is called ______.

agglutination

Agglutination is due to the interaction of proteins on the surfaces of red blood cells (____) with certain _____ carried in the plasma

antigens, antibodies

Only a few of the antigens on red blood cells produce transfusion reactions; these include the ____ ____ and __ ___

ABO group and Rh group

___ _ ____has A antigens on red blood cells and anti-B antibodies in the plasma.

Type A blood

___ __ ___ has B antigens on red blood cells and anti-A antibodies in the plasma.

Type B blood

___ __ ___ has both A and B antigens, but no antibodies in the plasma; universal recipient

Type AB blood

____ _ ____ has neither antigen, but both types of antibodies in the plasma; universal donor.

Type O blood

The __ ____ ____ was named after the rhesus monkey.

Rh blood group

If the Rh factor surface protein is present on red blood cells, the blood is __ ____; if it is absent, the blood is __ ____.

Rh positive, Rh negative