Wrong - Behavioral

Nativist Linguistic Hypothesis

Language is an innate behaviour wired into the brain. As long as language is introduced at the critical time, it is biologically predetermined

Opponent Process Color Hypothesis

Color information from cones is determined in pair sets: black/white, red/green, blue/yellow. These pairs overlap with other pairs but not with each other (ie won’t see red and green at same time from same thing)

Young-Helmhotz Color Theory

All colors we see are result of combined activity of 3 photoreceptors: Short wavelengths (blue), medium (green), long (red)

Sapir-Whorf Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

Language influences cognition and perception

Fovea

Highest density of cones

Optic disc

Where optic nerve exits and artery that supplies blood to retina enters. This is a blind spot, no photoreceptors

Parvo Pathway

Retina → Lower(ventral) LGN → V1 → Ventral Brain Region

Parvo Pathway Function

“What” - Perception of Fine Detail: form and color

Magno Pathway

Retina → Upper(dorsal) LGN → V1 → Dorsal Brain Region

Magno Pathway Function

“Where” - Perception of Course Detail: Motion and Depth

Elaboration Likelihood Model (Central Route)

Processing of persuasive messages:

• Central Route:

  • High Elaboration

  • Use logic, facts and lasting reason to persuade

  • Use when audience is motivated and able

  • Leads to deeper persuasion

Elaboration Likelihood Model (Peripheral Route)

Processing of persuasive messages:

• Peripheral Route:

  • Low Elaboration

  • Use superficial cues or associations to persuade

  • Use when audience is unmotivated or distracted

  • Leads to shallow persuasion

McDonaldization of Society

Increase in efficiency/standardization/automation but decrease in individuality/quality/skill

Malthusian Theory of Population Growth

Human population growth is exponential and outpaces resource growth which is arithmetic

Thus, population growth experiences checks to keep it down:

• Preventative Checks:

  • Voluntary reduction of births

• Positive Checks:

  • Involuntary increase in death

Intersectionality

How different social identities combine to affect a persons life, treatment, behaviour

Ethnography

Qualitative study of human social phenomena in their own communities

Content Analysis

Qualitative technique used to examine text and images involved in human communication

Sick Role Theory

The rights and responsibilities of a sick person:

• 2 Rights:

  • Exempt from social norms

  • Not blamed for their illness

• 2 Responsibilities:

  • Must try to get better

  • Must seek help and follow that help to get better

Medicalization

Everyday normal human behaviours are treated as medical issues

False Consciousness

Members of exploited classes fall into the status quo and believe the misleading views of the upper class rather than being aware of the class disparities

Forgetting Curve

Crystallized Intelligence

Solving problems with using experience or previous information

Practical Intelligence

Solve issues that arise in everyday life

Fluid Intelligence

Ability to reason abstractly and solve new problems

Impression management techniques

Presenting a curated version of yourself on the outside consciously or unconsciously

Symbolic interactionism

Microsocial theory that says human behavior and society are shaped by the subjective meanings individuals assign to objects, events, and behaviors.

Conflict theory

Society is in a perpetual state of conflict driven by competition for limited resources, power, and status

Social constructionism

A sociological theory that posits reality and knowledge are created through human interaction rather than existing objectively.

Sensory memory

Initial stage of memory briefly retaining environmental data using ones senses

Iconic - Visual

Echonic - Auditory

Working memory

Memory used to temporarily hold and manipulate information required for complex tasks, mental scratchpad.

• Central Executive: Coordinates attention and directs data to the other systems.

• Phonological Loop: Handles verbal and auditory information.

• Visuospatial Sketchpad: Handles visual and spatial information.

• Episodic Buffer: Integrates information between working memory and long-term memory

Randomized control trial

Randomly assign participants into two or more groups, control or experimental. Minimizes bias

Case control study

Compare a group with the illness to a group without it and see the differences to determine the cause of the illness. Correlation between exposure and outcome?

Cohort study

Follow a group of people to see what happens to them after some have been treated with experimental and some are controls.

Cross sectional

Observational research method that collects population data at one moment in time

Inclusive fitness theory

Organism not only protects its own reproductive fitness but also by helping genetic relatives (ie family) who share same genes.

Perceptual organization

The brain's process of grouping and structuring raw sensory data (like shapes, colors, or sounds) into coherent, meaningful objects and patterns.

Combination of top down and bottom up processing

Priming

Exposure to one stimulus affects exposure to another stimulus

Social capital

Strength of ones social network and the value it can bring

Privilege

Opportunities one is provided

Ascribed status

Portion of SES adopted in life assumed involuntarily such as gender, race and age.

Achieved status

Portion of SES voluntarily earned and achieved for such as education.

Somatic symptom disorder

Persistent and excessive concern and looking for medical attention over minor physical symptoms that are not supported by medical evaluation.

Behaviorism

Focuses on role of the environment shapes human behaviour, specifically punishment and reinforcement. (Focus on result, not cognition of result)

Auto communication

Message sender is also message receiver

Evolutionary Game Theory

Relative Success of Particular Strategies

Availability Heuristic

Tendency to judge how common or likely something is based on how easily it is recalled or how recently it occured.

Evolutionary Emotional Theory

Emotions evolved to adapt to the environment

Cognitive appraisal theory

Cognitive appraisal occurs first → Then emotion → Then physiological response

Schachster-Singer Theory

Physiological Appraisal → Cognitive Appraisal → Emotional Response

James-Lange Theory

Physiological Appraisal → Emotional Response

Lazarus theory of emotion

Cognitive appraisal → Emotional + Physiological response

Mirror Neurons

Neurons that fire when individual both observes and performs a behavior

Vicarious emotions

When observer intuits the feelings another may be experiencing.

Cannon-Bard Theory

Physiological Appraisal and Emotional Response happen at same time

Mead theory of identity development

• Social factors affect development

• Preparatory

  • Imitation, no sense of self

• Play

  • “I” starts to form when children understand themselves as individuals

  • Role taking

  • Beginnings of “me”, how others perceive them

• Game

  • Further developing of “me”

  • Become aware of position/role relative to others

Hawthorne Effect

Acting differently than normal because you’re being watched

Activity Approach to Aging

Remain physically and socially active to improve the lives of the elderly

Continuity Approach to Aging

Attempt to retain habits and behaviours from youth

Disengagement Approach to Aging

Withdraw from social relationships and society withdraws from them

Life Course Approach to Aging

Holistic approach considering all factors

Demographic Transition Population Model

Stage 1: Death and birth rate high

Stage 2: Industrialization: Death rate drops

Stage 3: Urbanization: Birth rates decline due to contraception

Stage 4: Birth rate low and death rate low, pop growth slow

Stage 5: Birth rate too low, pop decrease

Exchange-Rational Choice

People make choices in interactions with people to maximize gain and minimize loss.

Gambling is what kind of conditioning principal

Variable interval

Social Facilitation

How does an audience affect performance? More dominant response will be present, if good then even better, if bad then even worse.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

• Physiological Needs

• Safety Needs

• Love and Belongingness Needs

• Esteem Needs: Self-esteem/Desire for reputation or respect

• Growth → Self-actualization needs

Groupthink

Agreeing with the group to maintain harmony within the group despite disagreeing with the decision

Group polarization

Differences in opinion get magnified

Dyadic groups

Consist of 2 people

Social Networks

Observable pattern of social relationships amongst groups or indivudals

ABC model of attitude

• Affective: Emotional reaction of attitude

• Behavioural: How we behave and act towards a subject

• Cognitive: What we think via our ideas, assumptions and beliefs

Differential association theory

How people either conform to society or become deviant based on interactions with others

Labeling theory

Identities and behaviours shaped by how people label you

Strain theory

How people become deviant without the means to achieve cultural goals

Control theory

How level of control determines whether people engage in deviant behaviours

Superior Colliculus

Reflex response to visual stimuli

Inferior Colliculus

Reflex response to auditory stimuli

Substantia nigra

Part of basal ganglia for movement control

Ventral tegmental area

Part of mesolimbic reward pathway

Ainsworth Secure Attachment

• Baby explores while caretaker in the room

• Baby upset when caretaker leaves

• Baby soothed when caretaker returns

Ainsworth Insecure-Avoidant Attachment

• Baby explores without checking in on caretaker

• Show little distress when caregiver leaves

• Ignore and avoid caretaker upon return

Ainsworth Ambivalent Attachment

• Cling to caregiver

• Highly distressed when caregiver leaves

• Seek comfort and push caretaker away at the same time upon return

Ainsworth Disorganized Attachment

• Contradictory or erratic behaviours

• Trauma/fearful environement

Cocaine effect on prenatal brain

Adds stress, increased glucose metabolism

Instinctual drift

• Animal replaces conditioned habits with innate food based instincts

Social Reproduction

• Passing on social status to new kid

Partial report technique

• Measures capacity and duration of sensory memory

• Recall partial amounts of information that were presented

Operational span testing

• Measures working memory capacity and executive attention

• Remember sequences of letters while solving math problems

Psychophysical discrimination testing

• Measure ability to differentiate between two stimuli, JND

Flashbulb memory

• Remember what you are doing when receiving emotionally arousing news

Motivational state in conditioning

• Deprive subject of desirable stimulus for some portion of time

Collective vs Group Behaviour

• Collective behaviour is about deviance: fads, mass hysteria, riots

• Collective behaviour is short term, open membership

• Group behaviour is long term, more defined social norms

Riot vs Mob

• Riots act defiantly about social injustices

• Mobs focus on specific individuals or groups of individuals

Escape vs Avoidance Learning

• Escape learning is terminating a stimulus while its happening (negative reinforcement; take away a punishment)

  • Leave a dentist appointment during cavity drilling, while experiencing pain

• Avoidance learning is learning to terminate a stimulus before it happens.

  • Leave a dentist appointment when told about a cavity, before experiencing pain

Perceived behavioural control vs Self-efficacy vs self-esteem vs self-image vs self-concept

• Perceived behavioural control: How well we think we can change our behaviour

• Self-efficacy: Belief in ability to achieve a goal

• Self-esteem: Respect and regard for oneself

• Self-worth: Belief that you are worth being loved

• Self-image: How we perceive ourselves

• Self-concept: How we percieve, interpret, and evaluate ourselves.

Cooley vs Mead Theory of Identity

Cooley: Looking glass self, change our self-concept based on how we think other people see us, regardless if true or not

Mead: More focused on using societal norms on general to base ourselves

Prejudice vs Bias Vs Stereotypes vs Discrimination

• Prejudice is a negative feeling toward a person as a result of belonging to a social group

• Bias: Cognitive decision-making that influences our judgment

• Stereotypes: Generalized cognitions about a group, not good or bad, or that we actually believe them.

• Discrimination: Taking a specifc action against an individual based on their social groupspecific

Game theory vs evolutionary game theory

• Game theory: Mathematical analysis of how two actors make decisions of uncertainty without knowing how other player will act.

• Evolutionary game theory applies this theory to evolution in terms of social behaviour and resource availability.

Communism vs Socialism

Communism: NO private property , everything owned by government.

Socialism: Everyone makes their own income and can afford their own things but are also taxed by government to buy thing that benefit all of society .

Gender role vs gender norm vs gender schema vs gender script

Gender role: Specific sets of behaviour expected from somebody of a specific gender

• Women stay home while men work

Gender norms: General behaviours expected from somebody of a specific gender

• Women should be soft spoken, while men should be assertive

Gender schemas: Unconcious frameworks when we interpet things about gender

• A masculine person believes that self-help as a concept is feminine and does not go to therapy

Gender script: Super specific context of behaviors expected of a gender

• Man should open door for women, pay for the bill etc.

Quasi-experiment vs observational study

Quasi-experimental studies: Independant variables cannot be changed and thus cannot be randomized.

• The experiment on gender is a quasi-experiment because the independent variable is gender,

  Gender cannot be randomly assigned.

Observational studies: No variables manipulated, just watched