Lecture Exam 1

1. When the body is in the Anatomically correct position, the palms of the hands are facing

anteriorally

When you are comparing two structures within a limb, this would be the name given to the one that is farthest from the attachment point (farthest from where the limb attaches to the body)...

distal

When you are comparing two structures within a limb, this would be the name given to the one that is closest to the attachment point (closest to where the limb attaches to the body)

proximal

Toward the midline or middle of the body

medial

Away from the head or, when comparing two structures, the one located below the other

inferior

On, closest to, or toward the body surface

superficial

The pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities are referred to as serous cavities. The walls of these cavities and the organs that lie within them are lined/covered with a serous membrane. Serous membranes are named so because they secrete a watery fluid. The membrane that lines the walls of the cavity is called the parietal serosa and the membrane that covers the organs within the cavity is called the visceral serosa. As these two membranes secrete a thin layer of slippery fluid, it allows for the organs covered within the visceral portion to smoothly move against the parietal portion freely without friction occurring.

true

Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue?

neuron

Which type of burn causes blisters?

2nd degree

Which of the following is the most superficial layer of skin?

epidermis

3rd degree burns are life threatening due in part to fluid loss.

true

When blood calcium concentration is high, \_______ is secreted from the thyroid to sequester (store) it within bone.

calcintonin

Osteoclasts are mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix (we also refer to bone matrix as simply bone).

false

The outer "layer" of bone is comprised of compact bone.

true

Muscles of the face are referred to as mimetic. These muscles are responsible for expressions. These muscles are ALL innervated by which of the following?

facial nerve

Which of the following is NOT considered a suprahyoid muscle?

sternhyoid

The area between the terminal buton of the neuron and the motor end plate of the muscle fiber is called the synaptic cleft. The neuron releases a neurotransmitter, Acetylcholine (AcH), that acts as a chemical messenger. AcH travels across the synaptic cleft to bind to receptors on the muscle fiber much like a key fits into a specific lock. The end result of the binding of AcH causes a muscle contraction to occur.

true

What forms myelin sheath in the PNS?

schwann cells

what forms myelin sheath in the CNS?

oligodendrocytes

What lines the central cavities of the brain?

ependymal cells

what cells work with CNS phagocytes?

microglial cells

an example of an effector is

skeletal muscle

A light ray passes through the refractory structures of the eye in which of the following order?

cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor

Which of the following structures separates the external acoustic meatus from the middle ear?

tympanic membrane

Your brain requires a lot of blood to deliver oxygen and glucose. Two arteries in particular deliver blood into the cranium. The right and left internal carotid arteries, branches of the common carotid arteries, pass through the carotid canal. The left and right vertebral arteries, small branches of the left and right subclavian arteries, pass through the foramen magnum. Once through, the left and right vertebral arteries converge to form the basilar artery. Together, the basilar artery along with the left and right internal carotid arteries work together to form the:

circle of willis

What are the paired facial bones?

maxilla, palatine, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, and inferior nasal conchae bones.

What are the unpaired facial bones?

vomer and mandible bones

Where is cerebrospinal fluid found?

subarachnoid space

How is cerebrospinal fluid formed?

by the choroid plexus with the help of ependymal cells

how is cps recycled?

Recycled back into the blood through the dural sinuses via the sagittal sinus

what are the paired cranial bones?

temporal and parietal

what are the unpaired cranial bones?

frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

What is a hydrocephalus?

too much cerebrospinal fluid

What is ossification (osteogenesis)?

process of bone tissue formation

what is the inner network or "beams" of bone called?

trabeculae

what is the organiztional structure of skeletal muscles?

Each skeletal muscle is composed of individual muscle cells called muscle fibers. Muscle fibers are arranged into a bundle called a fascicle that is surrounded by connective tissue. Many fascicles are bundled together to make up the muscle

what is the structural classification of neurons?

multipolar- possess more than 2 processes, numerous dendrites and 1 axonbipolar- possess 2 processes, rare neurons, found in some special sensory organsunipolar (pseudounipolar)- possess 1 short single process, start as bipolar neurons during development

how does a neuron interacts w/ a skeletal muscle fiber to cause contraction?

action potential and indirect communication

Membrane bones

formed directly from mesenchyme, intramembranous ossification

What bones are seen with membrane bone ossification?

skull, mandible, and clavicle

Other bones

develop initially from hyaline cartilage

Endochondral ossification

Process of bone formation where a cartilage model is gradually replaced by bone tissue. Begins in the fetal stage and continues into adulthood. Involves the formation of primary and secondary ossification centers, as well as the growth plate. Essential for the development and growth of long bones in the body.

what bones are seen with other bone ossification?

every bone except skull, mandible, and clavicle

What is the outer layer of bone?

compact bone

where can I find red blood marrow?

mainly in flat bones such as hip, breast, skull, ribs, vertebral, and shoulder blades and in the spongy bone at proximal ends of femur and humerus

What is osteoporosis?

A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.

What is osteomalacia?

abnormal softening of bones in adults

What is osteosarcoma?

bone cancer

what is arthritis

inflammation of the joints

Atherosclerosis

condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries

What is meningitis?

inflammation of the meninges

What are the clinical significance of brain tumors?

can grow in multiple locations

How could the facial artery and cavernous sinus be involved in the development of encephalitis or meningitis?

the facial vein anastomoses (drains into/ is connected to) angular vein and the anastomoses is directly connected to the cavernous sinus which is where the brain sits on top of-so if bacteria is picked up in the facial artery there is a possibility of that contaminated blood instead of being brought to the internal jugular vein, being brought into to the cavernous sinus which is what the brain is sitting on

What is Cranial nerve I?

Olfactory nerve

What is cranial nerve II?

optic nerve

what is cranial nerve III?

oculomotor nerve

what is cranial nerve IV?

trochlear nerve

what is cranial nerve V?

trigeminal nerve

what is cranial nerve VI?

Abducent nerve

what is cranial nerve VII?

facial nerve

what is cranial nerve VIII?

vestibulocochlear nerve

what is cranial nerve IX?

glossopharyngeal nerve

what is cranial nerve X?

vagus nerve

what is cranial nerve XI?

accessory nerve

what is cranial nerve XII?

hypoglossal nerve

All mimetic muscles are innervated by?

cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)

Where are the mimetic muscles located?

scalp, eyelid, mouth, and nasal region

What is TMJ syndrome?

cute or chronic pain in the mastication muscle or the temporomandibular joint

What specifically are the salivary glands?

parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands

Where is saliva released?

Oral cavity through ducts such as stenson's duct

Salivary glands recieve innervation from which cranial nerves?

CN IX and VII

Sensation of the face is innervated by which nerve?

cranial nerve V

What 7 bones make up the eye orbit?

frontal bone

What is the lacrimal apparatus?

Lacrimal gland (located anterolateral) produces tears which collect on the medial side of the eye, through puncta lacrimalia (openings on the inner side of the lids), passing into the lacrimal canal•Collected tears flow into the lacrimal sac which extends from nasolacrimal duct to the inferior meatus of the nose

What are the extraocular muscles?

superior rectus

What is Horner's syndrome?

ptosis (drooping eyelid)

What is direct and consensual light reflex

This involves the constriction of the ipsilateral and contralateral pupil when a light is shone into one eye (showing the function of CN III, as well as the optic pathway)

what is glaucoma?

optic neuropathy, retinal ganglion cell loss, and blindness due to impaired drainage of the aqueous humor from the schlemms canal

does glaucoma increase or decrease blood flow and pressure?

increased pressure and blood flow

what are cataracts?

clouding of the lens

what is the cause of cataracts?

deposition of aggregated proteins

muscles of mastication are innervated by

cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve)

What do the paranasal sinuses do?

lighten the skull and help to warm and moisten the air to help the lungs

What are the paranasal sinuses lined with?

mucous membrane with motile cilia and glands

What does the tensor tympani muscle do?

tenses the tympanic membrane

What is the tensor tympani innervated by?

Cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve)

What does the stapedius muscle do?

levers the foot plate of stapes out of the oval window and dampens the sound transmission

What is the stapedius muscle innervated by?

cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)

what is the stapedius muscle important for the development of?

hypercusis

What is otis externa?

inflammation of the tissue in the outer ear

what else is otits externa known as?

swimmers ear

what is chronic otits media?

retracted ear drum

What is a myringotomy?

surgical incision into the tympanic membrane, to relieve pressure or drain fluid.

In the inner ear, what is the organ of balance?

vestibular system

Within the inner ear, what is the organ of hearing?

cochlea

What is a cleft palate?

An opening in the roof of the mouth

where are cleft palates more common?

posterior

What is a cleft lip?

opening in the lip extending up to the nose

what type of cleft lip is more common?

unilateral

what is the function of the sternocleidomastoid?

turns and flexes head