Biopsychology Exam 3

The diurnal light-dark cycle entrains the sleep-wake cycle via the

a) caudal brain stem

b) REM-sleep circuits

c) reticular formation

d) cortex

e) retinohypothalamic tracts

e) retinohypothalamic tracts

slow-wave sleep seems to play a particularly important

a) circadian role

b) restorative role

c) psychological role

d) mnemonic role

e) physiological role

b) restorative role

the first circadian gene to be discovered in mammals was called

a) circa

b) invert

c) tau

d) clock

e) alarm

c) tau

about how many hours a day do horses typically sleep?

a) 14

b) 2

c) 8

d) 5.5

e) 10

b) 2

melatonin is released by the

a) pineal gland

b) pituitary gland

c) thyroid gland

d) adrenal medulla

e) hypothalamus

a) pineal gland

the EOG is a measure of

a) the first-night phenomenon

b) eye-muscle tension

c) stage 1 EEG

d) glandular secretions

e) eye movement

e) eye movement

sleep spindles and K complexes are characteristic of

a) stage 2 sleep

b) delta sleep

c) REM sleep

d) stage 3 sleep

e) SWS

a) stage 2 sleep

evidence indicates that melatonin may function as a

a) catecholamine

b) stimulant

c) chronobiotic

d) probiotic

e) neurotransmitter

c) chronobiotic

the various phenomena of REM sleep appear to be controlled by circuits scattered throughout the

a) posterior hypothalamus

b) basal forebrain

c) caudal reticular formation

d) colliculi

e) midbrain

c) caudal reticular formation

dreaming appears to occur most commonly during

a) emergent stage 2 sleep

b) delta sleep

c) REM sleep

d) periods during which muscle tension in core muscles is high

e) initial stage 1 EEG

c) REM sleep

the pineal gland is located on the midline just below the posterior portion of the

a) corpus callosum

b) amygdala

c) hypothalamus

d) cerebellum

e) hippocampus

a) corpus callosum

which substance is commonly prescribed as a hypnotic drug?

a) tricyclic antidepressants

b) barbiturates

c) serotonin antagonists

d) benzodiazepines

e) melatonin

d) benzodiazepines

melatonin is synthesized from

a) GABA

b) glutamate

c) serotonin

d) acetylcholine

e) dopamine

c) serotonin

which sleep stage is characterized by a low-amplitude, high-frequency sleep EEG signal that is similar to that observed during active wakefulness?

a) stage 1

b) stage 4

c) sleep spindle stage

d) stage 3

e) stage 2

a) stage 1

because REM sleep is similar to wakefulness in several respects, it makes sense that REM sleep circuits are controlled by a structure involved in maintaining wakefulness; namely, the

a) cerveau isolé

b) isolé somnolent

c) thalamus

d) basal forebrain

e) reticular activating system

e) reticular activating system

recent research suggests that, during the transition from initial drug taking to habitual drug taking,

a) cell nuclei in the pons decrease in size

b) the corpus callosum becomes hypersensitive to stimulation

c) there are improvements in the function of the prefrontal cortex

d) the control of drug taking is shifted to the nucleus accumbens

e) the control of drug taking is shifted to the dorsal striatum

e) the control of drug taking is shifted to the dorsal striatum

as habitual drug taking develops, control of drug taking is thought to shift from the

a) nucleus accumbens in the ventral striatum to the dorsal striatum

b) prefrontal cortex to the posterior parietal cortex

c) dorsal septum to the ventral striatum

d) dorsal striatum to the ventral striatum

e) septum to the ventral tegmental area

a) nucleus accumbens in the ventral striatum to the dorsal striatum

which of these drugs is a stimulant?

a) morphine

b) cocaine

c) heroin

d) LSD
e) marijuana

b) cocaine

a seatbelt buzzer in your car, increases the likelihood of seatbelt wearing behavior. this is an example of

a) no answer is correct

b) positive reinforcement

c) punishment

d) negative reinforcement

d) negative reinforcement

Cirrhosis and Korsakoff’s syndrome are two of the consequences of chronic _____ consumption

a) morphine

b) alcohol

c) nicotine

d) marijuana

e) cocain

b) alcohol

_____ appears to protect an organism against intake of large quantities of nicotine

a) medial thalamic-interpeduncular nucleus circuit

b) DLPFC

c) medial habenula-interpeduncular nucleus circuit

d) acetylcholine

c) medial habenula-interpeduncular nucleus circuit

alcohol has two major sites of action:

a) agonist of NMDA glutamate receptors, agonist of GABA-A receptors

b) antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors, agonist of GABA-A receptors

c) agonist of NMDA glutamate receptors, antagonist of GABA-A receptors

d) antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors, antagonist of GABA-A receptors

b) antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors, agonist of GABA-A receptors

there are three different types of opiate receptors:

a) mu, delta, and kappa

b) delta, kappa, and theta

c) neuopiod, exopiod, and truopiod

d) exopiod, semiopiod, and neuopiod

a) mu, delta, and kappa

opiate receptor blockers, such as _____, block the reinforcing effects of alcohol

a) lithium

b) naloxone

c) valproic acid

d) prozac

b) naloxone

medium spiny neurons are a type of _____

a) astrocyte

b) hippocampal neuron

c) glial cell

d) interneuron

d) interneuron

research has show decreased gray matter in _____ proportional to amount of lifetime tobacco use

a) nucleus accumbens

b) thalamic

c) striatal

d) PFC

d) PFC

nicotine, unlike acetylcholine, is not destroyed by _____

a) ApdE

b) dopamine

c) AChE

d) esterase

c) AChE

opioid receptors are in various areas of the brain, including the _____

a) VTA

b) reticular formation

c) periaqueductal gray

d) all of the options are correct

d) all of the options are correct

there is a growing appreciation that drug addiction is a specific expression of a more general behavioral problem; namely, the inability to

a) engage in striatal control

b) cope with positive incentives

c) cope with dopamine release

d) refrain from anhedonia

e) refrain from a behavior despite its adverse effects

e) refrain from a behavior despite its adverse effects

nicotine stimulates _____ receptors throughout the brain

a) nicotinic acetylcholine

b) GABA

c) nicotinic dopaminergic

d) glutamate

a) nicotinic acetylcholine

HPA axis stands for

a) hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis

b) hippocampus pinel ACC axis

c) hippocampus parietal ACC axis

d) hypothalamic pinel ACC axis

a) hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis

the adrenal cortex produces and secretes a variety of steroid hormones, including

a) CRA

b) epinephrine

c) ACTH

d) glucocorticoids

d) glucocorticoids

microglia are phagocytes of the

a) adrenal cortex

b) liver

c) peripheral nervous system

d) central nervous system

e) blood

d) central nervous system

patients with frontal lobe damage, such as Phineas Gage, provide evidence that the prefrontal cortex, especially the _____ is involved in making decisions based on previous mistakes

a) VLPFC

b) insula

c) DLPFC

d) VMPFC

d) VMPFC

individuals with Kluver-Bucy syndrome seem to experience

a) no joy

b) no hunger

c) no pain

d) no fear

d) no fear

the most commonly employed physiological measure of stress is the level of circulating

a) norepinephrine

b) serotonin

c) epinephrine

d) glucocorticoids

e) adrenocorticotropic hormone

d) glucocorticoids

activating which of the following increases the amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla?

a) sympathetic nervous system

b) amygdala

c) limbic system

d) medial prefrontal cortex

e) parasympathetic nervous system

a) sympathetic nervous system

which of the following is a key structure in the limbic system?

a) prefrontal cortex

b) amygdala

c) pineal gland

d) Wernicke’s area

e) corpus callosum

b) amygdala

from which brain regions does the lateral nucleus of the amygdala receive sensory information?

a) thalamus

b) cortex

c) hippocampus

d) all options are correct

d) all options are correct

glucocorticoids are released from the

a) anterior pituitary

b) adrenal cortex

c) thymus

d) adrenal medulla

e) pineal gland

b) adrenal cortex

adrenocorticotropic hormone

a) is released by the posterior pituitary gland

b) inhibits the adrenal cortex

c) is released by the thymus gland

d) is released by the anterior pituitary gland

e) decreases circulating levels of glucocorticoids

d) is released by the anterior pituitary gland

in the Iowa Gambling Task, individuals with frontal lobe damage make a lot of disadvantageous responses have lower levels of VMPFC activation, and show less _____ than individuals without frontal lobe damage

a) somatic markers

b) parasympathetic nervous system

c) occipital activation

d) blinking

a) somatic markers

fear is assumed to be the main motivating force for

a) target sites

b) defensive behaviors

c) social aggression

d) threat

e) aggressive behavior

b) defensive behaviors

evidence suggests that only one part of the amygdala plays a major role in fear conditioning; specifically, the

a) lateral nucleus

b) paraventricular nucleus

c) amygdala complex

d) basolateral nucleus

e) preoptic nucleus

a) lateral nucleus

the structure in which the emotional significance of sensory signals is learned and retained is believed to be the

a) hippocampus

b) medial geniculate

c) hypothalamus

d) amygdala

e) septum

d) amygdala

structural brain-imaging studies of individuals with schizophrenia typically reveal

a) reduced brain volume

b) damage to the occipital lobe

c) an enlarged hippocampus

d) nothing unusual

e) a missing hemisphere

a) reduced brain volume

phenothiazines bind effectively to

a) glutamate receptors

b) GABA receptors

c) acetylcholine receptors

d) D₁ and D₂ receptors

e) epinephrine receptors

d) D₁ and D₂ receptors

chlorpromazine binds to dopamine receptors without activating them, and keeps dopamine from binding to them. accordingly, chlorpromazine is classified as a(n)

a) receptor promoter

b) exhibitionist

c) dopamine agonist

d) dopamine antagonist

e) inhibitionist

d) dopamine antagonist

benzodiazepines

a) are catecholamine antagonists

b) are monoamine antagonists

c) bind to serotonin receptors

d) are GABA_a receptor agonists

e) are monoamine agonists

d) are GABA_a receptor agonists

fluoxetine

a) is more effective in treating depression than imipramine

b) is more effective in treating depression than SNRIs

c) is an MAO inhibitor

d) is a SSRI

e) has more side effects than tricyclic antidepressants

d) is a SSRI

which neurotransmitter has been most often implicated in anxiety disorders because of the effects of benzodiazepines?

a) glutamate

b) norepinephrine

c) acetylcholine

d) dopamine

e) GABA

e) GABA

which experimental treatment for clinical depression is noninvasive?

a) ketamine

b) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

c) deep brain stimulation

d) prefrontal lobotomy

e) iproniazid

b) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) has been of particular interest to researchers because

a) treatments that improve depression increase BDNF

b) BDNF is localized in the prefrontal lobes

c) regeneration is not possible without it

d) women have twice as much as men

e) it plays an important role in mental health

a) treatments that improve depression increase BDNF

imipramine is a

a) tricyclic antidepressant

b) serotonin antagonist

c) MAO inhibitor

d) butyrophenone

e) phenothiazine

a) tricyclic antidepressant

imipramine

a) blocks the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

b) is a dopamine antagonist

c) blocks dopamine receptors

d) is a serotonin and norepinephrine antagonist

e) is an MAO inhibitor

a) blocks the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

in functional brain-imaging studies of Tourette’s patients who are suppressing their tics, abnormal activity has been consistently observed in the caudate nuclei and

a) cerebellum

b) primary motor cortex

c) association motor cortex

d) dorsal horn

e) prefrontal cortex

e) prefrontal cortex

clozapine is

a) widely used in the treatment of depression

b) a potent D₂ blocker

c) widely used in the treatment of mania

d) a typical antipsychotic drug

e) the first atypical antipsychotic drug

e) the first atypical antipsychotic drug

addiction, tremor, nausea, and ataxia are all possible side effects of

a) SSRIs

b) lithium

c) benzodiazepines

d) SNRIs

e) fluoxetine

c) benzodiazepines

when insufficient neurotransmitter is released at a synapse, there is often a compensatory _____ of the receptors

a) regeneration

b) blockade

c) up-regulation

d) degeneration

e) realignment

c) up-regulation

dopamine agonist is to dopamine antagonist as

a) reserpine is to amphetamine

b) chlorpromazine is to reserpine

c) reserpine is to chlorpromazine

d) cocaine is to reserpine

e) amphetamine is to cocaine

d) cocaine is to reserpine