Chapter 21-22

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70 Terms

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Roosevelt and “Civilization”

  • racial and economic basis for using american power around the world

  • “civilized” (white, anglo-saxon, industrialized) had the right to intervene in affairs of the uncivilized to preserve order

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Protecting the “Open Door” in Asia

  • Roosevelt agreed to mediate Russo-Japanese war in order to prevent either nation from becoming dominant in the area

  • Japan emerged as predominant power in East Asia

  • Japan increased naval power

  • Roosevelt sent “Great White Fleet” to make them recognize the power of the US

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Roosevelt Foreign Policy

  • Roosevelt started a legacy of interventionism in Latin America

  • Big Stick Diplomacy”: power of us navy

  • Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: right to intervene in domestic affairs of neighbors

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Construction of the Panama Canal

  • Reason for canal: Mahan sea power idea

  • Colombian government refused to give US land to build canal

  • US supported revolution in Panama that made it an independent country who agreed to the terms the Colombian Senate rejected

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Taft and “Dollar Diplomacy”

  • Taft’s sec of state worked to extend US investments in less developed regions aka “Dollar Diplomacy”

  • Us sent troops to support insurgents of a revolution in Nicaragua (to protect american financial interest - spurred by American mining company)

    • stayed there for more than a decade

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Wilson and Huerta

  • “moral diplomacy”

  • Wilson refused to recognize mexican gov under Victoriano Huerta b/c he murdered the previous president Francisco Madero (who had overthrown previous dictator: Porfirio Diaz)

  • Huerta, backed by American business, established military dictatorship

    • sailors from USS dolphin briefly arrested and Mexican ships refused to apologize (21 gun salute)

    • Wilson seized Mexican port of Veracruz

  • US action strengthened opposing constitutionalist fation led by Venustiano Carranza who captured Mexico City and forced Huerta to flee

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Wilson and Carranza

  • Carranza refused to accept American guidelines for a new gov: Wilson considered backing another rebel group led by Pancho Villa

  • Wilson forced to accept Carranza’s gov

  • Villa retaliated American meddling by marching into New Mexico and killing Americans

  • Wilson sent general john pershing to go to Mexico in search of Villa, didn’t find him, search called off cus of start of WW1

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The Collapse of European Peace

  • The Triple Entente: Britain, France, and Russia

  • Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

  • Anglo-German Rivalry

  • Assasination of Archduke Franz-Ferdinand by a serbian nationalist

  • Main Causes: Militarism Alliance Imperialism Nationalism

  • w/ German support (blank check), Austria-Hungary launched an attack on Serbia, Serbia called in Russia to their defense (secret alliance)

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Call for Neutrality

  • Wilson called for neutrality

    • “US Exceptionalism”: idea that democratic values mades their country immune from the corruption and chaos

  • Anti-imperialists leaders wanted to stay out (Henry Ford)

  • African American leaders saw it as a “white man’s war”

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Slowly taking sides

  • German and Irish immigrant sympathized w Germany

  • most Americans sides with Britain

  • American couldn’t trade w/ Germany as much due to British blockade - economic gain pushed them further to British side

    • war orders from Britain and France caused greatest economic boom in US history

    • US became arsenal for Allies - New military tech (Machine guns)

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German submarine warfare

  • U-Boats with deisel-electric engine used passive sonar (hydrophone) to locate enemy ships

  • Sank the Lusitania - a british passenger ship (carrying weapons), killing many americans

  • Wilson demanded Germany agree to no longer attack passenger ships w/o warning + reaffirm commitment to neutral rights

    • Germany agreed

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Preparing for war (maybe??)

  • after German hostilities, Wilson endorsed a proposal to allocated $1 billion to increase armed forces - controversial

  • Wilson’s reelection campaign vs. Republican Charles Evans Hughes revolved around Wilson being the anti-war candidate

    • won by slim margin due to his support for the bolstering of armed forces

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Entering the War

  • immediate cause of US entrance: unrestricted submarine warfare against Allied (and American) ships

  • Zimmerman Telegram: germany asked mexico to ally with them in the event of war with the US so that Mexico could reclaim it’s lost territory

  • Wilson asked for a declaration of war

    • now used US exceptionalism to support the other side: US intervention as means to spread progressive ideas

    • self-determination

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US comes to saves the day!

  • US troops crossed atlantic, used convoy system to avoid german submarines: sent multiple ships at the same time at the same speed and changed course a lot

  • US destroyers aided in assault on subs

  • after bolshevik rev lenin neogtiated Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: Russia left the conflict

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Raising Forces

  • national draft: selective service act

  • command from Washington carried out by local administration, preserved local autonomy

  • American Expeditionary Forces

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Diverse Troops

  • women allowed to enlist: served in hospitals and offices

  • African Americans also enlisted: preformed menial tasks and served in segregated units

  • Many wanted recent immigrants to join military to become true americans

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American Legion

  • former AEF soldiers form American Legion to help soldiers cope with experience of war

  • PTSD and after effects of war very rampant in soldiers coming back from abroad

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American Expeditionary Force

  • joined allies under General John J. Pershing

  • Europe had been embroiled in trench warfare for years at that point

    • European leaders didn’t trust US forces but Pershing wouldn’t allow foreign officers to command Americans

    • European leaders caved when German advanced basically to Paris

  • Marines = devil dogs

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The Battles

  • Americans assisted French at Chateau-Thierry and Belleau Wood (Meuse-Argonne Campaign) in repelling German forces that were nearing Paris

  • Pushed German back at St. Mihiel

  • German leaders began to seek an armistice

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End of War

  • after pushing Germans basically back to their borders Central Power leaders sought an armistice

  • Nov 11, 1918: WW1 ended

  • America emerged as a world leader, European dominance declined

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New Technology of Warfare

  • high casualty rate as a result of highly destructive weapons

  • had to break stalemate by overcoming trenches: tanks, dreadnoughts, airplanes

  • american diesel submarines

  • disease = huge killer

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Organizing the economy for war

  • US spent $32 billion

  • used federal serve system to expand money supply

  • War Revenue Bills: levies on “excess profits” of corps and graduated income and inheritance tax

  • Wilson established a Council of National Defense to mobilize at a local level

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The War Boards

  • oversaw railroads, fuel supplies, food, etc.

  • food administration: under Herbert Hoover

    • farms at home; didn’t actually need to ration food

  • War Industries Board: coordinated gov purchases of war supplies

    • under Bernard Baruch

    • wielded great federal power

  • gov planning disbanded after war but emerged with positive view on the cooperation of the public and private sector: modern bureaucratic state (big government)

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Ludlow Massacre

  • striking miners in Rockefeller mine

  • killed

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National War Labor Board

  • improved labor position to avoid strikes

  • 8-hour workday, overtime, and women = pay

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Economic and Social results of the war

  • increased employment

  • white men @ war so new opportunities for women, African American, Mexican, and Asian workers

  • The Great Migration: migration of a lot of A.A from rural south into industrial north

  • Mexican Americans left farm labor for industrial jobs in western cities

  • Many Mexican immigrants - settled in segregated neighborhoods: barrios

  • women started working industrial jobs

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The Peace Movement

  • Carrie Chapmen Catt created the Women’s Peace Party: wanted to stay out of war

  • Once war started many women saw war as a means for women’s suffrage and as a female labor opportunity

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Propaganda and Silencing of Dissent

  • Committee on Public Information (CPI): distributed pro-war propaganda

  • propaganda became aggressively anti-german

  • Espionage Act: stiff penalties for spies and obstruction of war

  • Sedition Act: made it illegal to express any opposition to war

  • Schenck v. United States: supreme court upheld limits on freedom of speech that would not have been acceptable in peacetime (clear and present danger)

  • “American Protective League”: ppl would spy on neighbors to “impose unity”

  • violence and prejudice against immigrants (esp german)

  • 100% americanism: conformity + support for war

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Wilson’s 14 points

  • Plan for the peace negotiations

  • open diplomacy (no secret alliances)

  • freedom of navigation

  • arms reduction

  • removal of trade barriers

  • self-determination

  • multinational organization: The League of Nations w/ internatonal peackeeping force (Article X)

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The Peace Conference

  • German and russian reps excluded - west fear of bolsheviks

  • Wilson had partial success in scaling back French and British demands for reparations from Germany meant to keep Germany weak

  • Wilson got a commitment to the League of Nation

  • allies signed the Treaty of Versaille

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Issue of Ratification

  • Wilson could not get 2/3 vote of senate for ratification of the Treaty of Versailles

  • congress didn’t like how it stripped their power to declare war + their loss of unilateral power

  • people against ratification: irreconcilable (mostly western isolationists or republicans)

  • wilson went on a speaking tour to defend the treaty, he had a stroke, the US never ratified the treaty or joined the league of nations

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1920s economy

  • increased manufacturing output and income

  • roaring 20s

  • causes of boom: European destabilization left big markets for the US, technology and industrial expansion

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Expansion of linked industry

  • automobile industry good example:

    • stimulated growth in other industries

    • auto manufacturers also purchase steel, rubber, glass, and tools, auto owners buy gas from oil corps, road construction, increased demand for suburban housing

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rise of radio

  • radio: theory of modulation discovered by Reginald Fessenden

  • led to commercial broadcasting: advertising and entertainment

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early computers

  • Vannevar Bush: first analog computer

  • Howard Aiken: even more complex computer with memory and advanced math skills: financial assistance from Harvard and MIT

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New Economic Organization

  • oligopolies

  • CEO’s replaced individual/family-owned enterprises as major form of business org

  • General Moters: Alfred P. Sloan: implemented efficient divisional organization

  • Trade Associations: members of an industry coordinate in production and marketing techniques

  • fear of overproduction

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Labor in the New Era

  • increased wealth gap

  • increased living standards and working conditions for some workers - employers tried to avoid labor unrest (Welfare Capitalism)

  • wage increases were nowhere near the rate of production and profit increase

  • welfare capitalism undercut labor unions: ppl also wanted to avoid being labeled socialist

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Women in the workforce

  • women mostly worked “pink collar jobs”: lower-paying service jobs

  • largely left out of labor orgs

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Minorities in the workforce

  • A.A who had migrated to industrial cities were often unrepresented by labor unions - creation of The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters: A. Philip Randolph: union led by A.A and represented virtually all black workforce

  • in west: asian and hispanic workers were also scarceley organized

    • Japanese immigrants found success in truck farming

    • CA passed laws to make it more difficult for Japanese ppl to buy land

    • Filipino workers also made up a considerable part of the unskilled

    • Anti-Filipino Riots in CA led to legislation virtually eliminating immigration from the Phillipines

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The “American Plan”

  • open shop crusade: democratic capitalism relied on workers not being required to join a union

  • incorporated welfare capitalism

  • some corps would ban unions (by negotiating with union leaders and using welfare capitalism)

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Agricultural Technology and the Plight of the farmer

  • mechanized farming

  • increased crop yield w/ fewer workers

  • Hybrid corn (genetic research)/chemical fertilizers/pesticides

  • overproduction of agriculture caused dramatic price fall/drop in farmers income

    • farmers accounted for 25% of pop so this spelled big problems for the American economy

  • increase in tenancy

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Parity

  • government price support ensuring farmers would earn back at least their produ tion costs

  • promoted tariffs and gov sells of surplus crops abroad

  • McNary-Haugen Bill: parity act: vetoed by Pres Calvin Coolidge as a “special interest” bill

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Consumerism

  • mass consumer culture

  • installment plan: let people buy good they couldn’t afford

  • increased purchasing of automobiles

    • rise of suburbs

    • travel for pleasure possible for working/middle class families - vacation industry

    • rise of independent youth culture

    • real estate speculation

  • rise of advertising industry

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The Man Nobody Knows

  • controversial book by Bruce Barton

  • portrayed jesus as the ultimate salesman

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Newspapers

  • national medium

  • mass-circulation magazines

  • condensed stories, books, and news in a more accessible format

  • Americana style of art: nostalgic american themes: Norman Rockwell (covers of Saturday evening post)

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Movies

  • important for mass communication and spreading common values and attitudes image-wise

  • industry centered in socal - LA has reputation as being anti-union

  • US produces 90% of world’s films

  • most famous female actress: Clara Bow: created flapper image

  • first feature-length film with sound: “The Jazz Singer” w/ Al Jolson

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Commercial Radios

  • first commercial radio station: KDKA

  • revenue from advertisement

  • live broadcast of sports

    • baseball: Babe Ruth

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Charles Lindbergh

  • most popular american

  • flew on the first succesful nonstop flight from NY to Paris on “The Spirit of St. Louis”: time’s first “man of the year”

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Women’s role in the family

  • “companionate marriage”

  • serial monogamy

  • birth control

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Flapper

  • Flappers: modern women living liberated lifestyle

  • mostly lower-middle class and working class women

  • most women however were still largely reliant on men

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Modernist Religion

  • more in favor of personal fulfillment in the present world

  • liberal protestantism: Harry Emerson Fosdick

  • religion lost value in the life of some middle-class people

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Pressing for Women’s Rights

  • Alice Paul’s National Woman’s Party continued to campaign for the Equal Rights Amendment

  • Sheppard-Towner Act: allocated funds for prenatal and child healthcare programs

    • opposed by some feminists cus it classified all women as mothers

    • “protective” legislation

    • healthcare professionals feared untrained healthcare workers

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Education and Youth

  • highest rate of school attendance

  • schools offered traditional/classical education and vocational/technical skills

  • athletics, clubs offered

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A Lost Generation

  • Gertrude Stein: coined the term

  • Ernest Hemingway: “A Farewell to Arms” - contempt for war

  • H.L. Mencken (Debunker): journalist who ridiculed religion, politics, art, and democracy

  • F. Scott Fitzgerald: “The Great Gatsby” ridiculed American obsession with material wealth

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Jazz

  • Duke Ellington, Jelly Roll Morton, Louis Armstrong, Cab Calloway, Bessie Smith

  • born in New Orleans

  • had a white audience

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The Harlem Renaissance

  • flourishing african american culture centered in Harlem NY

  • drew from american and african roots: celebrate the richness of their heritage: black pride

  • Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston

  • Major Leader: Alain Locke

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Prohibition

  • 18th amendment: prohibition of sale and manufacturing of alcohol

  • not enforced: easy to produce, not enough enforcement agents

  • black market: industry for organized crime (Al Capone)

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Nativism post war

  • Emergency Immigration Act: Annual immigration from any country could not exceed 3% of people of that nationality in 1910

  • The National Origins Act of 1924: banned immigration from East Asia and reduced quote from Europe to 2% based on 1890 census

  • 1927: cap of 150000 immigrants per year

  • loopholes in immigration laws from Mexico and Central/South America

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Rebirth of the Klan

  • D.W. Griffith’s “Birth of a Nation”: glorified early klan - inspired rebirth

  • still focused on intimidation of A.A.: expanded to concern over Catholics, Jews, and immigrants

  • fear of threat to “traditional values”

  • gained public office and control of state legislatures

  • Decline: scandal and corruption: David Stephenson: raping and kidnapping of secretary, led to her suicide

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Scopes Trial

  • Tennessee made teaching evolution illegal (evangelical fundamentalist influence)

  • John T. Scopes (bio teacher) was arrested for doing so and was represented by the ACLU in the trial

  • William Jennings Bryan was the main figure of the prosecution

  • known as the “Monkey Trial” for it’s popularity

  • Modernist v. Fundementalist

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Split of the Democratic Party

  • 1920: Harding/Coolidge ticket won against James Cox/Frankling Roosevelt

  • tension within the party due to diverse interest groups: split over prohibition, immigration restriction, and kkk

  • 1924: nominated John W. Davis - defeated by Coolidge

  • 1928: nominated Alfred E. Smith (Irish Catholic, represented the Urban Working Class) - lost to Herbert Hoover

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Harding

  • passive president

  • incompetent

  • Teapot Dome Scandal: Sec of Interior Albert B. Full secretely leased naval oil reserves to wealthy business men

  • Died of a heart attack

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Coolidge

  • passive president: believed in deregulation of business

  • more honest

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Government and Business

  • relationship between private sector and federal gov

  • Sec of Treasury Andrew Mellon: reduced taxes on corporate profits, personal incomes and inheritances + decreased federal budhet: cut WW1 payment in half

  • Herbert Hoover (Sec of Commerce): associationalism: creation of national org of businessmen in particular industries (trade associations)

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Election of 1928

  • Hoover seen as progressive candidate

  • easily won against Smith

  • broke “solid south” by carrying some southern states

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Marcus Gravey

  • black nationalism

  • reject assimilationism

  • “negro improvement association”

  • return to africa movement

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Chicago Race Riots

  • in response to black voters deciding elections and competing with white for jobs and housing

  • part of the red summer of 1919

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The Red Scare

  • russian rev presented threat of communism

  • radicals supposedly to blame for a series of bombings

  • undermined power of labor unions seen as radicals

  • deportation of immigrants w/ suspected anarchist or revolutionary leanings

  • Sacco and Vanzetti Trial: italian immigrants charged w/ murder one questionable evidence just cause they were anarchists - denied a retrial when someone literally confessed to the crime

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Backlash to gov’s infringement of civil liberties

  • American Civil Liberties Union created

  • supreme court justices Oliver Wendell Holmes and Louis Brandeis defended unpopular speech

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The Palmer Raids

Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer orchestrated raids on “radical centers” and arrested more than 6000 ppl