352 L3 Theoretical Considerations (not including the phonological processes)

What is phonology?

the description of the system that has patterns of phonemes that occurs in a language.

What does phonology involve?

determining the language distinctive phonemes and the rules that describe the changes that happen, when phonemes occur in words.

What is the commonality between theories (in terms of phonology)?

1. differential between 2 levels of sound presentation

   1. phonetic level

   2. phonemic level

2. clinical implications of sound vs phoneme

   1. all utterances has 2 components: audible sequence of speech, meaning conveyed through the sequence.

   2. segment form and function are largely dependent on one another: acceptable production features, using the phonotactic rules governing language/ acceptable sound production.

What is phonetic level?

sounds as central units (“ch”)

What is phonemic level?

presented as phonemes (/tʃ/)

What are the theories of phonology?

1. distinctive features

2. generative phonology

3. natural phonology

4. nonlinear (multilinear) phonologies

What is the theory of distinctive features?

uses binary system (+ vs. -) to determine specific properties of a sound that serve to signal meaning differences

+ vs. -

distinctive features

What are the distinctive features (as part of the distinctive features theory)?

smallest individual sound properties that make up phonemes

• sound components (aka features) are considered distinctive if they serve to distinguish one sound from another sound.

What are the clinical implications of the distinctive features theory?

1. Contrasts the features of the target sound to the substitution.

2. therapy helps to differentiate between presence and absence of the features

3. believe that generalization will occur between sounds that have the same features

What theory created the concept of Naturalness vs Markedness?

Distinctive features theory

What does “Naturalness” Naturalness vs. Markedness?

1. the simplicity of sound production

2. the high frequency of occurrence in languages

What does “Markedness” mean Naturalness vs. Markedness?

1. sounds that are difficult to produce

2. occur less frequent in languages

What is generative phonology?

1. uses distinctive features

2. assumes 2 levels of sound representation (phonological and phonetic representation)

3. uses phonological rules to show the relationship between the phonologic and phonetic form.

What is Phonological representation?

abstract underlying form that underlies how people use language

What is Phonetic representation?

modified surface form

What are the phonological rules of Generative Phonology?

describes difference in sound patterns between phonological representation and the phonetic representation (underlying vs surface level representation)

A → B

/

: #__, __#, or V__ V

generative phonology

What is Markedness in Generative Phonology?

1. when referring to cognate pairs and sound classes

2. concept of Naturalness vs. Markedness became clinically relevant when it was found that children’s phonologically disordered speech usually replaced marked phonemes with more natural ones.

What is Natural Phonology?

1. incorporates theories of naturalness & was designed to explain the development of children’s phonological systems

2. patterns of speech are governed by phonological processes.

What theory says that a child’s innate phonological system is continuously revised in the direction of adult phonological processes?

Natural Phonology

What are the mechanisms involved when a child’s phonological system is revised in the direction of an adults?

1. limitation: differences between child’s and adults phonological system is limited to certain sounds, sound classes, or sound sequences

2. ordering: when substitutions that were unorganized and random become more organized

3. suppression: when a previously used phonological system is no longer used. (from innate speech patterns to adult form)

Phonological processes are part of which theory?

Natural Theory

Which theory mentions classifications that account for differences found in children with disordered speech?

Natural Phonology

Persisting Normal Processes

when a process is used beyond the age that is typically seen

Chronological Mismatch

earlier developed processes are used along with later developing processes.

What is Systematic Sound Preference?

use of a single phonetic realization for different phonemes.

• ex: using /t/ for /k/ and /d/

What is unusual or idiosyncratic processes?

patterns that are unusual in the speech of typically developing children.

What is nonlinear (multilinear) phonologies?

a group of phonological theories understanding segments as governed by more complex linguistic dimensions such as stress, intonation, and metrical/rhythmical linguistic factors

What are the types of nonlinear (mulilinear) phonologies?

1. autosegmental phonology

2. metric phonology

3. feature geometry

/kæp/ → /tæp/

/k/ → /t/ / #__

generative phonology

What kind of phonology do we use in our field currently (for 30+ years)?

Natural Phonology