LS 2750- CPR/First Aid Final Exam

What are the Emergency Action Steps?

1. CHECK(scene for safety, form an initial impression, obtain

   consent and use PPE)

2. CALL (911 or emergency number if needed)

3. CARE (Based on condition and training; get consent first)

What are some examples of emergencies where you should call 911 immediately?

Anytime there is a life threatening emergency in which the airway is constricted.

• Unresponsiveness, not breathing/agonal gasps, life-threatening bleeding.

• Severe breathing problems (asthma, drowning, overdose, trauma to chest).

• Cardiac arrest/heart attack/stroke, severe burns, suspected spine injury

*Fire, explosion, drowning, electrocution, poisoning

What can we do to lower our risk of infection when providing care?

• By wearing PPE (personal protective equipment)

• Ensuring that proper medications/used items go into proper biohazard bins if possible

• Wash hands before/after care

• Avoid direct contact with blood/body fluids.

What are some conditions that make a scene unsafe?

Depending on where you are, there are multiple scenarios and things that can make a scene unsafe. These things can include:

• fire

• traffic 

• natural disaster

• electrical hazards

• structural collapse

• violence

We see a person collapse. After we check for responsiveness, breathing, and life-threatening bleeding, what is the next procedural step?

• So if they are not breathing/responsive: call 9-1-1, send bystander to get an AED and start CPR if necessary

• If they are breathing/conscious and responsive: assess their conditions, introduce yourself, your qualifications, and ask for consent to help treat them, ask if they need EMS

What are the questions we ask during a SAM interview?

S: Symptoms and signs

A: Allergies (medications, life threatening, allergies that could of cause condition)

M: Medical conditions and Medicines

How do we position a responsive choking person to deliver back blows and abdominal thrusts?

Stand behind, slightly to the side; support chest with one hand; lean them forward

**infant: face down on arm for back blows

Where on the person's back do we deliver back blows?

Between the person’s shoulder blades with the heel of your hand

Where on the person's body do we position our fist to deliver abdominal thrusts?

Fist just above the navel, below the breastbone.

What is one CPR Cycle?

30 chest compressions

2 rescue breaths

What is the correct body position for delivering chest compressions?

• Kneel beside chest

• shoulders over hands

• elbows locked

• hands interlaced on center of chest

What is the correct rate for delivering chest compressions?

15-18 seconds for cycle (30 compressions)

100-120 compressions per minute

What is the correct depth for delivering chest compressions to an adult?

At least 2 inches

What is the appropriate amount to tilt an adult's head to give rescue breaths?

Tilt head past neutral

How long should each breath last?

1 second

(watch for chest rise) 

Interruptions should be minimized to less than _____ seconds when we are performing CPR.

<10 seconds

When do we stop performing CPR?

• Obvious sign of life (breathing, movement)

• AED is ready to use

• Trained responder takes over

• Too exhausted to continue

• Scene becomes unsafe

How quickly should we use the AED after it becomes available

Immediately (as soon as it’s available)

Why is early CPR and early AED use important for cardiac arrest patients?

Maximizes chance of survival by restoring effective heart rhythm quickly

What is correct pad placement for AED pads?

Upper right chest (below collarbone)

Lower left chest (side of ribcage)

Can we apply AED pads over a person's clothes?

No- you must remove clothing and ensure dry skin

Should anyone be touching the patient while the AED is analyzing?

No-no one should touch patient

What is the difference between adult and pediatric AED pads?

• Pediatric pads for under 8 years or under 55 lbs; placed front & back if pads might touch

• Adult pads for anyone 8+ or >55 lbs

When should we resume compressions after the AED has delivered a shock?

Immediately after shock, or no shock advised

What are the signs and symptoms of a heart attack?

• Chest pain/pressure (may spread to arm, jaw, back)

• Shortness of breath

• Nausea, dizziness, sweating

• Pale/clammy skin

• Nausea

• Fatigue.

What are the signs and symptoms of a stroke and how can we remember them?

FAST

• Face drooping

• Arm weakness

• Speech difficulty

• Time to call 911

What are our care principles for a responsive person having a heart attack?

• Call 911

• Keep person calm/resting, loosen clothing

• Help them take prescribed aspirin if appropriate (325 mg)

• if no, allergy monitor

If we suspect a person has overdosed on opiates, what drug can we help a family member administer?

Naloxone (Narcan)

How much sugar should we give an adult with low blood sugar?

15–20 grams of sugar (e.g., glucose tablets, juice, regular soda, candy, skittles)

What is anaphylaxis?

Severe, life-threatening allergic reaction

What can we do to slow or stop anaphylaxis?

• Use epinephrine auto-injector immediately

• Call 911

• Keep person lying down if possible

How do we assess life threatening bleeding?

Look for spurting, pooling, soaked clothing, bleeding that won’t stop

Look for volume (≥6 oz), flow (spurting/gushing), pooling.

How do we assess the severity of burns?

• Superficial (1st degree): red, painful, no blisters

• Partial-thickness (2nd): blisters, severe pain, swelling

• Full-thickness (3rd): charred/white, may be painless, all skin layers affected (nerve damage)

Under what circumstances should we use a tourniquet?

• Severe bleeding not controlled by direct pressure

• Multiple victims in mass casualty

• Unsafe scene prevents holding pressure

Where should we place a tourniquet if it is appropriate to use it?

2 inches above injury, not on a joint

What are the key principles for applying direct pressure?

• Use sterile dressing if available

• Maintain firm, steady pressure

• Do not remove soaked dressings (add more on top, keep one and then add another piece of gauze)

What are the signs and symptoms that a wound is infected?

• Redness

• Swelling

• Warmth

• Pus

• Increasing pain

• Fever

What are the signs and symptoms of a concussion?

• Headache

• Dizziness

• Confusion

• Nausea

• Sensitivity to light/sound

• Memory issues

How do we assess level of responsiveness? What questions do we ask? How do we denote it?

• Alert

• Verbal response

• Pain response

• Unresponsive

APVU

Orientation questions: person, place, time, event.

What are some mechanisms of injury for a spine injury?

• Falls (high velocity)

• Vehicle crashes (whiplash)

• Sports accidents

• Diving accidents

• Direct blow to spine

• Blunt Trauma

What are the treatment principles for a responsive person with a spine injury?

• Call 911

• Keep person still, stabilize head/neck in position found

• Do not move unless scene unsafe

• Calm/Reassure them

• Recovery position if vomiting? 

Consent rules

(18+) can give verbal consent; implied consent for minors, unresponsive, impaired; can withdraw consent anytime.

Good Samaritan Laws

Protect trained lay responders acting within training without expectation of reward.

Cardiac Chain of Survival

• early recognition

• early 911

• early CPR

• early AED

• early EMS (advanced life support)

Recovery Position

If vomiting/unconscious but breathing, place on side to protect airway

Packing wounds

for deep/wide wounds, pack with gauze into wound cavity, apply pressure

Burn 911 Criteria

• full thickness

• >2 body parts

• airway involvement

• electrical and or chemical burns

• children/elderly

• circumferential burns

Asthma Care

• assist with inhaler

• upright position

• call 911 if no improvement

Poisoning

• call poison control/911

• recovery position if unresponsive

• find substance ingested

Head/Spine Injury:

• seizures

• unequal pupils

• bleeding from ears/nose

• loss of coordination

Bandaging Checks

always check for circulation (color, temperature, sensation) before and after