Definitive Cell Division Quizlet

Asexual reproduction

Single parent divides into two identical organisms.

Sexual reproduction

Fusing of two gametes to create offspring.

Hermaphroditic organisms

Organisms with both male and female reproductive organs.

Gonads

Organs responsible for gamete production in both sexes.

Ovaries

Female gonads where eggs are produced.

Testes

Male gonads responsible for sperm development.

Spermatogenesis

Process of sperm production starting at puberty.

Oogenesis

Process of egg production beginning before birth.

Puberty

Developmental stage when reproductive capability begins.

Endometrium

Thick uterine wall for embryo implantation.

Menstruation

Uterine bleeding due to endometrium breakdown.

Fertilization

Union of egg and sperm to form a zygote.

Internal fertilization

Sperm deposited in female reproductive tract.

External fertilization

Gametes released into the environment for fertilization.

Embryonic development

Process following fertilization leading to embryo formation.

Corpus luteum

Matured follicle secreting hormones post-ovulation.

Vagina

Muscular chamber serving as birth canal and sperm repository.

Cervix

Barrier facilitating sperm passage to uterus.

Oviduct

Tube carrying egg from ovary to uterus.

Epididymis

Stores sperm during development post-testes.

Vas deferens

Duct transporting sperm to the penis.

Menstrual cycle

Uterus prepares for embryo implantation every 28 days.

Ovarian cycle

Controls oogenesis and follicle development.

LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

Hormone triggering ovulation and testosterone production.

FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)

Hormone stimulating follicle development and sperm production.

Blastocyst

Mass of cells formed after fertilization before implantation.

STI

Infection spread through sexual contact.

STD

STI that causes symptoms or health issues.

Birth control

Methods to prevent fertilization from occurring.

Spermatocytes

Cells that enter meiosis during spermatogenesis.

Primordial Germ Cells

Cells in testes that reproduce by mitosis.

Secondary oocyte

Egg paused at metaphase II before ovulation.

Cell Division

Process by which cells replicate and divide.

Mitosis

Cell division producing two identical daughter cells.

Meiosis

Cell division creating four genetically diverse gametes.

Somatic Cells

Body cells excluding sex cells, diploid in humans.

Gametes

Sex cells that are haploid, forming zygotes.

Chromatin

Loose DNA form during interphase, not visible.

Chromosome

Condensed DNA structure visible during cell division.

Chromatid

Identical halves of a duplicated chromosome.

Binary Fission

Asexual reproduction method in prokaryotic cells.

Interphase

Phase of the cell cycle before mitosis.

G1 Phase

Growth phase where the cell increases in size.

S Phase

Synthesis phase for DNA replication.

G2 Phase

Final growth phase before mitosis begins.

Prophase

First mitotic phase; chromosomes condense and spindle forms.

Metaphase

Chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane.

Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

Telophase

Nuclear envelopes reform around daughter nuclei.

Cytokinesis

Division of cytoplasm, forming two separate cells.

Cleavage Furrow

Indention in animal cells during cytokinesis.

Tumor

Mass of abnormally growing cells, benign or malignant.

Proto-oncogenes

Normal genes that promote cell growth and division.

Oncogenes

Mutated genes that lead to uncontrolled cell division.

Tumor Suppressor Genes

Genes that prevent abnormal cell division.

HeLa Cells

First immortal human cell line from Henrietta Lacks.

Crossing Over

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.

Independent Assortment

Random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes.

Trisomy 21

Genetic disorder caused by an extra chromosome 21.

Genetic Variation

Diversity in gene combinations due to meiosis.

Fertilization

Union of male and female gametes to form zygote.