Starnes, UPDATED The Practice of Statistics, 6e, Chapter 3
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17 Terms
Response variable
Measures an outcome of a study.
Explanatory variable
May help predict or explain changes in a response variable.
Scatterplot
Shows the relationship between two quantitative variables measured on the same individuals. Each individual in the data set appears as a point in the graph.
positive association
Values of one variable tend to increase as the values of the other variable increase.
negative association
Values of one variable tend to decrease as the values of the other variable increase.
no association
Knowing the value of one variable does not help us predict the value of the other variable.
Correlation
For a linear association between two quantitative variables, measures the direction and strength of the association.
Regression line
A line that models how a response variable y changes as an explanatory variable x changes.
Extrapolation
The use of a regression line for prediction outside the interval of x values used to obtain the line.
Residual
The difference between the actual value of y and the value of y, predicted by the regression line.
least-squares regression line
The line that makes the sum of the squared residuals as small as possible.
residual plot
A scatterplot that displays the residuals on the vertical axis and the explanatory variable on the horizontal axis.
standard deviation of the residuals s
Measures the typical distance between the actual y values and the predicted y values.
coefficient of determination r²
Measures the percent of the variability in the response variable that is accounted for by the least-squares regression line.
high leverage
Points that have much larger or much smaller x values than the other points in the data set.
outlier
Point that does not follow the pattern of the data and has a large residual.
influential point
Any point that, if removed, substantially changes the slope, y intercept, correlation, coefficient of determination, or standard deviation of the residuals.