chapter 1 RMS (must knows)

What is empiricism?

Using systematic evidence and observations to form conclusions.

Theory vs. hypothesis?

Theory = broad explanation. Hypothesis = specific prediction.

What is the theory-data cycle?

Theory → Hypothesis → Data → Evaluate → Revise/support/challenge.

Can science prove theories?

No. Research can support or challenge theories.

What is replication?

Repeating a study to see if the result is consistent.

What is falsifiability?

A theory can potentially be shown to be wrong.

What are Merton's four norms?

Universalism, Communality, Disinterestedness, Organized Skepticism.

Applied vs. basic research?

Applied = solve real-world problems. Basic = increase knowledge.

Quantitative vs. qualitative?

Quantitative = numbers. Qualitative = detailed descriptions

Why is peer review important?

Other experts evaluate research, helping science identify flaws and become self-correcting.

What is another word for data?

Observations — data are a set of observations collected during research.

Who makes the final decision about whether an article is published in a scientific journal?

The journal editor. The editor considers the peer reviewers' evaluations and decides whether the article should be published.

What does Communality mean?

scientists share their findings and knowledge with other scientists and the public. Remember (SHARE)

What does Organized Skepticism mean?

Scientists question everything and ask for evidence, including their own theories and widely accepted ideas. Remember (QUESTION)

What does Disinterestedness mean?

Scientists seek the truth without letting personal beliefs, interests, money, or desired results bias them. remember (DON'T BE BIASED)

What does Universalism mean?

Scientific claims are judged based on their merit, not the researcher's credentials, reputation, or status.
Remember (SAME STANDARDS FOR EVERYONE)