Chapter 3: The New England Colonies

maine was once apart of __________________

Massachusetts

new england colonies

• massachusetts (MA)

• new hampshire (NH)

• rhode island (RI)

• connecticut (CT)

new hampshire (NH)

est. by english fisherman in 1622

john mason

first governor of NH

rhode island (RI)

est. in 1636 as a refuge for the “non-conformists”

“non-conformists”

puritans who disagreed with aspects of church policy in MBC

roger williams

• puritan minister

• member of the congregational church

• began to have problems with preachers in MA

• sought refuge among Narangsett indians after banishment from MA in 1636 and then est. RI

what were roger williams beliefs

1. gods will is obscure

2. each person should worship in their own way

3. priesthood is of the believer

roger williams principles

1. seperation of church and state

2. RI has complete religious freedom

3. treating the american indians family

RI characteristics

• stubbornly independent

• determined to do its own thing and not follow the way of the other colonies.

connecticut (CT)

• found by settlers from MA

• disagrees with church policies

thomas hooker

Puritan minister who led 100 followers and church leaders to the CT River Valley in 1639 to est. 3 towns

what 3 towns did thomas hooker establish ?

• hartford

• wethersfield

• windsor

Which decade marked a "turning point" in which new English laws legally sanctioned the enslavement of people of African descent for life?

a) The 1720s

b) The 1630s

c) The 1660s

d) The 1520s

c) The 1660s

What offered the most common means for colonists to acquire enslaved Native Americans?

a) Colonial Brazil's sugar cane plantations

b) The Transatlantic Slave Trade

c) Wars

d) The Saharan Slave Trade

c) wars

Which group of armed colonists attacked and burned the Pequot Nation's Mystic community in May 1637?

a) English Catholics from Maryland and Delaware.

b) French Huguenots from New Haven and Virginia.

c) English Puritans from Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth, and Connecticut.

d) Dutch Protestants from New York and New Jersey.

c) English Puritans from Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth, and Connecticut.

Who created a Quaker religious imperative for the peaceful treatment of Native Americans?

a) William Bradford

b) John Smith

c) Miles Standish

d) William Penn

d) william penn

Which Native American nation sold their Pennsylvania lands to the English, settled among the Shawnee in the Ohio Valley, and forged diplomatic and trade relationships with the French?

a) The Iroquois Confederacy

b) The Seminole Nation

c) The Cherokee Nation

d) The Delaware Nation

d) Delaware nation

fundamental Orders of CT (1639)

First written constitution in North America

New England Confederation (1643)

• MBC

• Plymouth

• New Haven

• Hartford

• Wethersfield

• Windsor. 

purpose of the new england confederation

defense against hostile native american tribes

importance of the new england confederation

The idea of conducting a mutual defense against a common enemy.  First against Native Americans (later against French and Mother England)

mid-atlantic colonies

• new york (NY)

• new jersey (NJ)

• pennsylvania (PA)

• delaware (DL)

henry hudson

• English sea explorer who named a river after himself. 

• Disappeared in 1611 while searching for the Northwest Passage

dutch west india company

• Interested in Hudson’s “discoveries” and participation in the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

• wanted trading posts closer to the Caribbean and Brazil

new amsterdam

• Called “Wall Street” now

• Served as a barrier between the Dutch and Native American tribes

new amsterdam characteristics

• Director-General chosen by the company.

• Treated people harshly.

• Bought Manhattan Island from the native people (24 May 1626).

peter styvesant

• Last director-general, who believed in going by God and the people

• Unpopular with the people

charles II (1664)

King of England concerned about Dutch presence in North America.

hoodoo

• cultural practice

• anyone can do it

• mostly practiced by christians

james, duke of york

• Captured New Amsterdam for England in Sep 1664

• renamed it New York

• Encountered very little resistance.

when did james, duke of york capture new amsterdam for england

september 1664

new jersey (NJ)

Settled by friends of James, Duke of York, who gave it to them after the defeat of the Dutch West India Company

George Carteret/Lord John Berkeley

• friends of james

• settlers of NJ

pennsylvania (PA)

most important of the 13 colonies

society of friends

• also known as quakers

• settled in PA

george fox

founder of the society of friends

george fox principles/beliefs

1. Everyone can be saved.

2. Everyone is his own priest.

3. They refused to swear an oath.

4. They were all pacifists (refused to fight).

5. No class distinctions.

6. Dressed differently from other Englishmen.

7. Opposed and denounced slavery.

Whydah/Ouidah

• Powerful West African kingdom

• known for capturing rival tribes from deep in the African interior, selling them as slaves to European and Arab slave traders.

Whydah is what modern day country ?

benin

dahomey

Rival kingdom to the north, gradually began expansion during the early 1700s

king agarja (march 1727)

• Powerful ruler of Dahomey

• Conquered Whydah in 1727

agaja’s policies

1. He incorporated Whydan religious practices/deities into his expanding empire.

2. Sold a large number of Whydah’s people into slavery to European powers.

significance of agaja’s policies

1. Enslaved people from Whydah brought their unique religious practices and cultural identity with them to the Americas.

2. Introduction of Vodun religion (and others) into the Caribbean and American South.

both religions/denominations

Brought by native people of Benin (Whydah) as they were sold into slavery abroad by Dahomey’s rulers

jamaica, haiti, mississippi river valley etc were the ?

principal centers of Whydah’s cultural interaction abroad

west african muslims

• Perceived as “more trustworthy” (similarities w/ Christianity)

• granted authority over other enslaved people

what were the major destinations of enslaved muslims from west africa ?

• north carolina

• south carolina

Lord Sir William Penn “Daddy Penn”

• Admiral in the British Navy

• Wealthy and well-liked by the king (who gave him money)

• Was an Anglican

• died in 1681.

william penn “young penn”

• Son of the famous admiral

• went to Oxford University and became involved with the Quakers

• Inherited his father’s land and bills owed to Charles II

• Penn asked the king to drop the debt and grant a charter to settle in North America (get the Quakers out of England)

pennsylvania was known as

“penn’s woodland”

“holy experiment”

what penn wanted his colony to be

frame of government/provisions:

1. Any male who owned land or paid taxes could vote.

2. No state church.

3. Treat the American Indians fairly

Charles Mason/Jeremiah Dixon

Est. the Mason-Dixon Line to separate southern PA from northern MD

philadelphia

• the most important city of this time

• called the city of brotherly love

delaware (DL)

named for lord de la warr

new france

French territory in North America, ranging from modern-day Canada through the midwestern U.S. and down the Mississippi River

samuel de champlain

Founded numerous French trading posts for fur trading with Native American nations. Called the “Father of New France.”

Rene Robert Cavelier de La Salle

• First man to travel the entire length of the MS River, all the way down to the Gulf of Mexico

• Named Louisiana Territory for the king of France

french characteristics

1. Interested in fur, not farms.

2. No elected assembly.

3. No trial by jury.

4. Identified with the Native Americans much more than the English colonists.

5. Far fewer French families in New France.

age of absolutism = ?

wars

what country was the strongest, most dominant land power on the continent ?

france

War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)

• King of Spain Charles II is dying and has no male heir

• He put Philip, Duke of Anjou, in his will to become king of Spain and France when old enough

• (“Queen’s Anne’s War” in North America).

what year was the treaty of utrecht est. ?

1713

provisions of the treaty of utrecht

1. France gave up some land. 

2. France gave up Acadia and the eastern part of Canada (today’s Nova Scotia). 

3. Recognized family dynasties of Queen Anne in England and King Victor Amadeus of Sicily and Nice.

edward teach/”blackbeard”

• Notorious English pirate captain and veteran of the war

• raided Caribbean islands/North American coast

queen anne’s revenge

Used by Blackbeard for about a year before its capture by French privateers (1717)

when was the golden age of piracy

approx. early 1700s

acadia = ?

nova scotia

gibraltar

• Controls access to the Mediterranean Sea

• Spain gave this up to England

war of jenkins (1739)

Fought over exclusive English rights to sell African slaves to Spain

when was the era of the french and indian war

1756-1763

problem during the french & indian war

As colonies became crowded, English settlers began pushing for settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains into territory claimed by France, inhabited by American Indians

solution to the french & indian war

Colonial leaders sought to clear the French from the region, by diplomacy or force

fort duquesne

built by french to keep english settlers out of the ohio valley river

robert dinwiddie

Governor of VA who wanted to clear French out of Ft. Duquesne

george washington

• Colonel in VA militia

• Ordered by Dinwiddie to go to Ft. Duquesne and order French to clear out and stop building forts, and warn him that English colonists were moving in.

battle of great meadows (may 1754)

Washington and his men were ambushed in a small engagement with French and Native Americans forces their return to VA.

george washington’s report to dinwiddie

British troops needed to help drive out the French

albany congress (1754)

Colonies came together to discuss a mutual defense against the French

benjamin franklin

• Famously “discovered” electricity

• Urged colonial unity against French/hostile Native Americans.

william shirley

• British colonial gov. of MA

• forged closer relationship between colonies and “Mother England.”

purposes of william shirley in french and indian war

1. Secure the Iroquois Confederacy as British allies. 

2. Promote greater colonial unity.

3. Ensure a stronger defense against the French.

edward braddock

• British general dispatched to VA with fresh troops

• commander-in-chief of British forces in the colonies

______ British “redcoats” and GW w/ _____ VA militiamen

2,200 & 400

braddocks mission

• Drive the French out of the Ohio River Valley

• clear the way for English settlement

battle of the wildnerness

• After crossing the Monongahela River, Braddock’s forces were ambushed by about 900 French and Native American warriors

• Braddock KIA, British suffer massive casualties (977)

• Washington rallied the men, fought back, and organized a retreat

when was the battle of the wilderness

july 9, 1755

france vs england

1756 declaration of war

“great displacement” of 1756

• 4,000 French families in Acadia (Nova Scotia) evicted by British occupiers

• settled in modern-day south Louisiana/Texas.

acadians

cajuns

william pitt

• British Minister of War known as “the Great Commoner.”

• Promoted in 1756 to reverse the French successes

william pitts strategy

1. Selected 3 young British officers, Sir William Johnson, James Wolfe, and Jeffrey Amherst, for promotion and sent them to North America to make a difference.

2. Identified and targeted two major French strongholds at Quebec and Montreal. If these cities fall, France loses everything.

james wolfe (1727-1759)

British general KIA while leading a daring operation to seize French forces in the city of Quebec

quebec (sept 13, 1759)

• Wolfe’s troops landed at night, scaled the cliffs and surprised French defenders in the morning, capturing the city

• Wolfe KIA

montreal (sept 8, 1760)

Amherst seized the capital of New France in a three-pronged assault with over 18,000 troops and Iroquois allies.

treaty of fontainebleau (1762)

Spain entered the war on the side of France

provisions of the treaty of fontainebleau

1. Spain received New Orleans from France. 

2. Spain received all of LA west of the MS River. 

3. France received Spanish involvement in the war against Britain.

battle of quiberon bay (nov 20, 1759)

• British pre-emptive strike and naval victory over French forces

• 23 British ships-of-the-line vs. 21 French ships-of-the-line.

siege of havana (march - august 1762)

British and colonial American forces captured the city and the island of Cuba from Spain