unit 4 aos1 chapter 10 hhd

global trends

patterns of social, enviromental and economic activity that affect many countries and require action to be taken at a global level

global trends dots (CCDTMI)

• climate change - including rising sea levels, changing weather patterns and increasing number of extreme weather events

• conflict

• digitial technolgies

• tourism

• mass migration

• increased world trade (global distribution and marketing of tobacco products, e cigarette products and processed foods

climate change

refers to long term changes in temperature, precipitation and weather events caused primarily by human activities

• major causes include greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture

impacts of climate change dots (RCI)

• rising sea levels

• changing weather patterns

• increasing number of extreme weather events

potential positive impacts of global trends

• improved access to medicines and medical knowledge

• faster spread of health - related innovations

• global awareness of health issues

potential negative impacts of global trends

• increased spread of communicable diseases

• loss of cultural identity

• exploitation of low income workers

rising sea levels

rising sea levels mean people living in coastal areas will loose their villages and farms due to flooding. Beinf forced to relocated has had numerous impacts on people

rising sea levels implications for health

• rising sea levels may contribute to the need to relocate people living close to the sea. This may increase stress and anxiety and be negative for mental health and wellbeing

• rising sea levels may contribute to the contamination of fresh water sources with sal water from the ocean. This may lead to people being forced to consume water from other sources which may not be safe contributing to an increase in incidence of health conditions such as diarrhoeal disease

rising sea levels more impacts

• it is very stressful and is likely to increase the burden of disease associated with mental illnesses such as anxiety and depression

• Children are often unable to attend school or their schooling is interrupted. this reduces their capacity to gain knowledge and develop their capabilities

• it interferes with employment opportunities, which reduces peoples income, reducing the ability to afford resources required income, reducing the ability to afford

rising sea levels health status

• drinking water sources are contaminated with saltwater making it undrinkable. This increases the risk of water borne diseases such as diarrhoea and cholera

• crops are often killed by salt water resulting in food insecurity and loss of employment for farmers

• as oceans get warmer, they also become more acidic which affects marine life. This reduces the food supply for those who rely on fish and seafood as their main food source

rising sea levels implications for human development

• rising sea levels may contribute to the need to relocate people livnig close to the sea. This may mean people are unable to remain and contribute to the life of their community reducing human development

• rising sea levels may contribute to people who grew food on land close the sea no longer being able to do so. This may remove a source of income, therefore reducing their ability to afford resources such as food and shelter and have a decent standard of living thereby reducing human development

changing weather patterns

a weather pattern occurs when the weather stays the same for days or weeks at a time. These patterns are tied to the four seasons

changing weather patterns implications for health

• longer periods of drought may contribute to less income being generated from the land by farmers. This may increase stress and axiety and be negative for mental health and wellbeing

• more frequent heatwaves may result in people particularly the elderly experiencing heat stroke and premature death reducing life expectancy

changing weather patterns implications for human development

• more frequent rainfall may contribute to some areas experiencing landslides that may block roads and damage infrastructure. This may contribute to injuries and make it difficult for people to access healthcare when requireed, which may reduce the ability to people to live long and healthy lives, thereby reducing human development

• longer periods of drought may contribute to less income being generated from the land by farmers. This may therefore reduce their ability to afford essential resources such as food and shelter and have a decent standard of living, thereby reducing human development

changing weather patterns more impacts

• many infectious diseases are spread by mosquitoes breed in surface water that become stagnant mosquitos thrive in humid conditions

• warmer temperatures will produce ideal breeding grounds for mosquitoes, which transmit viruses such as malaria and dengue fever

extreme weather events implications for health

• extreme wether events such as cyclones, floods,fires and storms are expected to become more common and may contribute to more injuries from such events, which may increase YLD and burden of disease for injuries

• extreme weather events such as cyclones, floods, fires and storms may damage the enviroment and lead to less opportunities for people to engage with nature. This may reduce spiritual health and wellbeing if people are unable to connect with something greater than themselves and feel at peace with the world

extreme weather events implications for human development

• extreme weather such as cyclones,floods,fires and storms may damage infrastructure such as schools, preventing children from attending. This means they are less able to have access to knowledge such as what contributes to climate change thereby reducing levels of human development

• people across the globe may need to develop new skills to comabt extreme weather events such as cyclones, floods, fires and storms. This global cooperation may contribute to enhancing capabilities and increasing access to knowledge thereby promoting human development

increasing number of extreme weather events more impacts

• increased number of weather events such as extreme heat increases the risk of mortality from heart attacks because the heart can shut up when the temperature of the body gets to hot

• pollen levels can increase during periods of extreme heat, which can trigger asthma and increase the burden of disease

• during extreme weather events, such as wildfires air pollution can increase leading to respiratory conditions

conflict dots

• armed conflict

• laying of landmines

• investment in defence, rather than health, welfare and education

• detruction of infrastructure including health facilities, water and sanitation, electricity and transport

armed conflict impacts

• armed conflict directly kills,injuries and traumatises men,women and children

• child soldiers are often recruited to fight and die as a result. The mental impacts are significant for those who survive

• rape and sexua assult are often used as tools of war, resulting in physical and psychological impacts

landmines impacts

• landmines are often used during conflict, reducing the land available for agriculture. This contributes to food insecurity and increased risk of injury and death that can last for many years

detruction of infrastructure including health facilities, water and sanitation, electricity and transport impacts

•Health care facilities - Conditions that may have been treatable during peaceful times, such as injuries and infections, are left untreated in times of conflict. Childbirth also becomes more dangerous.

•Water and sanitation systems – People rely on contaminated water, increasing infectious disease rates.

•Electricity grids – hospitals cannot operate, heating and cooling systems can’t function.

•Schools – schools can be destroyed, reducing access to knowledge.

•Roads and transport infrastructure – interrupts employment opportunities.

implications of conflict on health and wellbeing

• decrease in mental health and wellbeing - people living in fear, high, levels of stress and anxiety due to fear of attacks. Struggle to be optimistic about the future

• decrease in spiritual health and wellbeing - sense of peace and harmony is destroyed. Focus on survival makes it difficult to find a sense of purpose and meaning in life.

• decrease in physical health and wellbeing - increased levels of injury as well as increased mortality, sexual assult more prevalent, malnutrition is evident, increase risk of communicable diseases (i.e cholera, diarrhoea, hypothermia) due to expose to the elements when homes are destroyed

• decrease in emotional health and wellbeing - resilience impacted by living constant fear and state of anxiety. Individuals may often struggle to manage emotions effectively in high stress periods

• decrease in social health and wellbeing - loss of contact with social networks if unable to atted school or work

conflict implications for health

• water and sanitation facilities can be destroyed in conflict and when this occurs many people are at risk of becoming unwell from diseases such as cholera caused by unsafe water, which negatively affects physical health and wellbeing

• conflict can lead to friends and loved ones being injured or killed which may cause significant amounts of sadness and grief. The stress and worry from such events may contribute to an increase in the prevalence of mental health conditions such as anxiety and depression

conflict implications for human development

• conflict can lead to the destruction of healthcare facilities such as hospitals. This may lead to reduced access for citizens when they are injured or unwell, reducing their ability to lead long and healthy lives thereby reducing human development

• conflict can cause people to have to relocate to avoid the fighting. This may reduce their ability to be employed, therefore lowering their income and reducing their ability to afford essential resources for a decent standard of living suhc as food, cleean water and shelter thereby reducing human development

mass migration

is the movememnt of large groups of people from one geographic area to another in response to a crisis

mass migration occurs when large number of people are forced to leave their homes due to a crisis such as conflict, persecution often based on race, violations of their human rights and issues relating to climate change

mass migration impacts

•Refugees often face overcrowded, unsanitary conditions, limited healthcare, and food and water shortages, leading to disease outbreaks and high infant mortality.

•Women and children are at risk of gender-based violence. Trauma from displacement causes long-term mental health issues, such as depression and PTSD.

•Health care is often inaccessible, increasing noncommunicable disease rates.

mass migration impacts human development

•Disrupted education reduces future employment opportunities and limits access to basic needs, affecting living standards.

•Displaced people often lack security and human rights, especially stateless individuals who face exclusion from education, healthcare, and employment.

•Host countries, often low- or middle-income, struggle to support increased populations due to limited resources, weakening infrastructure and social systems, and further reducing overall human development.

mass migration 4 groups

• refugees

• asylum seekers

• internally displaced persons

• stateless persons

refugees

• people who have fled their country and crossed an international border to find safety in another cuntry often with little more than the clothes on their back

asylum seekers

• people who have fled their country but for whom their request for protection in another country has yet to be processed

internally displaced persons

• people who have been forced to leave their home but have not crossed a border to find safety

stateless persons

people who do not have the nationality of any country and are therefore not protcted by the laws of any country

impacts of mass migration of health and wellbeing physical

• lack of access to safe water, food, clothing and shelter

• high rates of infectious diseases

• gender based violence

impacts of mass migration of health and wellbeing emotional

• fear

• loss and grief

• loss of pride

• inability to process emotions

• loss of resilience

impact of mass migration of health and wellbeing social

• disconnection from friends families and communities

• social exclusion and discrimination

impact of mass migration of health and wellbeing mental

• trauma

• anxiety an ddepression

• post traumatic stress disorder

• fear of persecution

• loss of identity

impacts of mass migration of health and wellbeing spiritual

• disconnection from communities

• lack of belonging

• feeling of hopelessness

mass migration implications for health

• people are forced to leave their homes and communities when they are displaced in travel to another country. This may lead to a reduced sense of belonging when they arrive in a new country which can negatively affect spiritual health and wellbeing

• mass migration often means people are travelling long distances in close proximity to one another. This can lead to increased spread of infectious diseases such as influenza increasing the YLD and burden of disease for this conditon

mass migration implications for human development

• mass migration means chuldren may move to another region or country. This may reduce their ability to attend school and have access to knowledge such as the risks of smoking, thereby reducing their human development

• people are forced to leave their homes and communities when they are displaced in travel to another country. this means they can no longer participate in the life of their community and have less control over deicisons affecting their lives, thereby reducing their human development

mass migration more impacts for human development

•Disrupted education reduces future employment opportunities and limits access to basic needs, affecting living standards.

•Displaced people often lack security and human rights, especially stateless individuals who face exclusion from education, healthcare, and employment.

•Host countries, often low- or middle-income, struggle to support increased populations due to limited resources, weakening infrastructure and social systems, and further reducing overall human development.

implications of increased world trade

globalisation has made it easier for large multinational companies to distribute, market and sell their products in alla reas of the world. This has led to an increase in world trade. While globalisation adn the increase in world trade have provided many economic benefits, aggressive marketing and promotion of products such as tobacco, e cigarettes and processed foods have been detreimental to global health outcomes and human development.

tobacco products impacts on human development

• Smoking reduces human development by diverting funds from education, especially for girls, leading to poverty and gender inequality.

• Lack of education limits skills and opportunities, disempowering individuals and restricting participation in society.

• Exposure to second-hand smoke also violates the human right to clean air, further impacting human development.

e cigarette products increase risk of

•cardiovascular disease

•cancer, particularly lung cancer

•diseases of the nervous system and respiratory system.

e cigarette products impacts

• E-cigarettes often contain highly addictive nicotine, which can harm brain development and increase anxiety, depression, and poisoning risk.

• Second-hand aerosol exposure also harms others, increasing risks of heart and lung conditions.

• Reduces physical health via lung/heart damage, addiction, and nicotine poisoning.

• Can also lead to throat irritation, nausea, insomnia, increased heart rate and blood pressure.

• For youth, nicotine alters brain development, contributing to learning issues, anxiety, and depression.

• Financial cost may reduce spending on food, health care and other resources, impacting all dimensions of health and wellbeing.

e cigarette products impacts for human development

• E-cigarettes negatively impact human development, especially among youth. They are linked to chronic diseases like heart and respiratory conditions, which can reduce the ability to lead a long and healthy life.

• In low- and middle-income countries without universal healthcare, this can lead to poverty, limiting access to resources required for a decent standard of living. It also reduces choices, education, employment, and participation in community life.

• These limitations restrict the development of skills and confidence, ultimately lowering a country’s overall level of human development.

tobacco and e cigarette products implications for health

• chemicals in tobacco and e cigarettes can contribute to atherosclerosis, the thicking and hardening of the artiers, which increases the risk of premature death from a stroke and heart attack. This reduces life expectancy

• tobacco and e cigarette smoke can damage the airways and air sacs in the lungs casuing respiratory conditions such as chronic obstructive pulomonary disease. This can reduce the functioning of the body and systems, and physical health and wellbeing

tobacco and e cigarette products implications for human development

• spending money on tobacco and e cigarettes can reduce the money available for neccessities such as food and shelther. This can reduce access to essential resources for a decent standard of living thereby reducing human development

• tobacoo and e cigarette soke can damage the airways and air sacs in the lungs causing respiratory conditions such as lung cancer, which can reduce an individuals ability to lead a long and healthy life, thereby reducing human development

processed foods

Processed foods relate to any food that has been altered before consumption (e.g., drying, freezing, canning).

processed foods implications for health

• processed foods often contain high amounts of salt that can cause calcium to be drawn out the bones. This can contributee to a weaker bone matrix and an increase in the risk of bone fractures and osteoporosis increasing morbidity levels from this condition

• processed foods often contain high amounts of sugar and as a result of a high intake of sugar and as a result excess energy consumption may occur and this may result in weight gain. This may lead to an unhealthy body weight and reduce physical health and wellbeing

processed foods implications for human development

• processed foods often contain high amounts of salt that can raise blood pressure. This may contribute to conditions such as hypertension and reduce and indivudals ability to lead a long and healthy life thereby reducing human development

• processed foods often contain high amounts of sugar, and consuming such foods can lead to excess energy consumption and weight gain. This could lead to obesity and reduced employment opportunities, therefore reducing the ability to lead a productive, creative life in accord with ones interests thereby reducing human development

procesed foods impacts

• Chronic illness caused by processed foods can reduce access to income and education, limiting people’s ability to lead productive, meaningful lives.

• Low- and middle-income countries often face a double burden of disease - undernutrition and communicable diseases plus rising non-communicable diseases.

processed foods conditions

•Overweight and obesity

•Cardiovascular disease

•Type 2 diabetes

processed foods impact on health and wellbeing

•Physical: Chronic illness reduces organ function and physical activity increases risk of fatigue, sleep issues (e.g., sleep apnoea), and decreased fitness

•Mental: Higher levels of anxiety, stress, and reduced self-esteem

•Emotional: Embarrassment and frustration from illness impact emotional regulation

•Social: Reduced participation in work and social activities; decreased social interaction

•Spiritual: Illness can reduce a sense of purpose, hope and connectedness

tourism

Tourism involves activities people do when they travel to places outside their usual environment.

tourism negative implications for human development

• in some countries, children may be encouraged to leave school to participate in the tourism industry. This may reduce their ability to enhance their knowledge and capabilities, such as literacy and numberacy skills, thereby reducing their human development

• the tourism industry may exploit some individuals and not provide them with appropriate payment for their work. This may reduce their ability to afford essential resources for a decent standard of living such as food and shelter, thereby reducing their human development

advantages of tourism economic

• plays a key role in developing jobs for local people and improves living standards

• improves economic growht

• economic growth promotes jobs providing around one in every 11 jobs

• contributes taxes that can be used to improve infrastructure

advantages of tourism social

• promotes local culture and products

• contributes to social inclusiveness whith almost twice as many women than men employed in the tourism sector contributing to gender equality

• can provide incentives to invest in education and training

• can increase understanding of and appreciation for people in other countries and their cultures

advantages of tourism enviromental

• can promote enviromental protection - tourism is effective in raising money for the conservation of wildlife and the enviroment

• it can be a way of protecting and restoring biodiversity

benefits of tourism

•Helps improve infrastructure and supports local businesses.

•Can assist countries in moving from low- to middle-income.

•Boosts GDP, creates job opportunities.

disadvantages of tourism

• tourism can put additional pressure on local infrastructure and services, which may not be able to cope with the disposal of liquid and solid wastes

• additional wastes generated by the tourism industry can post enviromental risks if they are unable to be disposed of in a safe manner

• more tourism means more transport, which increases global emissions and contributes to climate change

Impacts of tourism on health status can include:

•More government revenue = more spending on healthcare and infrastructure.

• Access to vaccinations and maternal care reduces infant, under-5, and maternal mortality rates.

• Improved infrastructure reduces communicable and respiratory diseases, lowering burden of disease and premature death.

•Supports girls' education, lowering rates of early marriage and pregnancy, improving adolescent girls' health.

•However, tourism can spread infectious diseases (e.g. COVID-19), reducing life expectancy.

impacts of tourism on health and wellbeing

•Creates jobs and income, allowing people to afford food, shelter, healthcare → improves physical health and wellbeing.

•Families can send children to school → promotes social health and wellbeing through friendships.

•Income and good health build confidence, resilience and empowerment → improves emotional wellbeing.

•Sense of pride and community from preserving cultural traditions → promotes spiritual and emotional wellbeing.

•Negative effects: Overstressed infrastructure and pollution can lead to unsafe water and poor sanitation, causing diseases like cholera.

tourism positive implications for health

• tourism can provide opportunities to promote the culture and products of a country or region, giving locals a snese of pride and boosting their confidence and self esteem. This can promote mental health and wellbeing

• tourism may lead to increased job opportunities and a source of income for locals. This can then be spent on healthcare when unwell to access treatment e.g common cold, increasing self assessed health status by spending less time in poor health

tourism positive implications for human development

• tourism may lead to opportunities for people to participate in the life of their community through employment. This can then enhance capabilities such as communcation skills, thereby promoting human development

• tourism may lead to increased job opportunities and a source of income for locals. This can then lead to the ability to afford essential resources such as food and shelter leading to a decent standard of living and promoting human development

• Tourism employs more women than any other sector → promotes gender equality and female empowerment.

• Encourages investment in education and training, building knowledge and skills.

• Expands opportunities for well-paid work, improving living standards.

tourism impacts on human development more

•Tourism employs more women than any other sector → promotes gender equality and female empowerment.

•Encourages investment in education and training, building knowledge and skills.

•Expands opportunities for well-paid work, improving living standards.

•Promotes cultural diversity and community pride, encouraging participation in decision-making.

•Helps lift countries out of poverty, enabling governments to invest in health, welfare, and infrastructure.

Increases choices and freedom for individuals to live according to their needs and values.

tourism negative implications for health

• covid 19 which may reduce health adjusted life expectancy due to increased time spent in poor health

• increases in tourists in an area may damage the local enviroment. This may lead to less opportunities for people to engage with nature, reducing spiritual health and wellbeing if people are unable to connect with something greater than themselves and feel at peace with the world

digital technologies

Digital health technologies use tools like mobile apps, smart devices, and online platforms in health care.

advantages of digital health technologies

• helps doctors access and analyse patient data faster

• improves communcation between doctors and patients

• ecourages people to take charge of their health through self monitoring

more benefits of digital technologies

•Online health communities help people with the same condition support each other.

•People share treatment experiences and learn together.

•Reduces reliance on professionals as the only source of information.

impact of digitial technologies on health status

•Faster diagnosis and treatment reduces prevalence of disease and mortality rates.

•Less need for hospital visits lowers costs and reduces pressure on hospitals, meaning people can be treated for other conditions, reducing morbidity.

•Promotes disease prevention through health tracking and reminders.

digital technolgoies impact on health and wellbeing

•Encourages self-care and boosts physical and mental health and wellbeing.

•Supports social connection, especially for isolated groups.

•Lets older people live at home longer with remote monitoring.

•However, overuse can lead to addiction, poor sleep, and stress.

•Online threats include hacking, bullying, harassment and inappropriate content, reducing mental health and wellbeing.

•Children and vulnerable people are at risk of grooming or online abuse.

Anxiety about privacy and safety is a growing issue

digital technolgies impact on human development

•Better health boosts productivity and income, improving living standards.

•Digital tools help women care for families and feel empowered.

•People can take part in decisions that affect their lives.

•But data theft and online abuse can reduce human rights and equality.

disadvantages of digital technologies

• some people find digital platforms difficult to navigate, which can cause fustration and limite their willingness to enagge with digital health systems. This may isolate some people

• there can be concerns about poorer quality health care in relation to the ability of healthcare providers to properly diagnose and treat conditions without a phsyical examination

• personal health data that is collected is sensitive and must be stored safely and securely. Strong cybersecuity laws, regulations and practices must be in place to protect peoples privacy and confidentiality and individuals must be given the power to decide who they share their personal information with. These systems are not always in place, especially in low and middle income countries

digital health technologies positive implications for health

• digital technologies such as smart watches may help people to track their blood pressure levels, leading them to seek treatment if they rise. This may reudce the risk of premature death from a heart attack, increasing life expectancy

• digital technolgies such as smart phones, may help people to track their excercise levls using an app. This may leading to increased levels of excercise and imrpoved fitness levels, promoting physical health and wellbeing

digital technologies positive implications for health

• digital technologies such as smart phones may help people to enhance their capabilities such as developing communication skills and also provide access to knowledge. This can promote human development

• digital technologies such as the internet may provide opportunities for people to enagge in the life of their community via places like online community health forums. This can promote human development

digital health technologies positive implications for human development

• digital technologies such as smart phones may help people to enhance their capabilities such as developing communication skills and also provide access to knowledge. This can promote human development

• digital technolgies such as the internet may provide opportunities for people to engage in the life of their community via places like online community health forums. This can promote human development

digital health technologies negative implications for health

• if personal health data is leaked from online sources, this may lead to high levels of stress and anxiety reducing mental health and wellbeing

• if people follow false and misleading health information online, this may lead to illness and injury leading to a reduction in self assessed health status

digital health technolgies negative implications for human development

• if people follow flase and misleading health information online, this may lead to illness and reduce their ability to lead long and healthy lives, thereby reducing human development

• people may be accessing online health platforms and be convinced to provide their personal details which may lead to them loosing large amounts of money. This may reduce their ability to afford essential resources for a decent standard of living such as good and clean water thereby reducing human development

increased greenhouse emissions

• burning of fossil fuels for energy - transport, industry

• agriculture

• industry

• landfil for garbage

• clearing of forests

• overconsumption by private households

increased greenhouse emissions - global warming - climate change lifelong shifts in temperature and weather patterns - changing weather patterns - extreme weather - rising sea levels

two major causes of rising sea levels are the

• expansion of the water that occurs as it warms

• increase in the amount of water that occurs when the earths polar regions and glaciers melt

impact of rising sea levels dots

• forced relocation of people living in coastal areas

• reduction in the availability of fresh water

• reduced availability of food

• changes in biodiversity

relocation of people living in coastal areas

Rising sea levels caused by climate change can flood coastal villages and farmland, forcing people to relocate to safer areas. This can reduce physical health and wellbeing through injury, disease and food shortages, reduce mental health and wellbeing due to stress and anxiety from losing homes and livelihoods, and limit human development by reducing people's ability to live long, healthy lives with access to education, employment and resources.

less availability of fresh water

Rising sea levels cause salt water to contaminate freshwater sources, reducing access to safe drinking water and water for agriculture. This can increase waterborne diseases, reduce food production, worsen physical health and wellbeing, and limit human development by reducing people's ability to live healthy, productive lives.

reduced ability to grow food

Salt water is unsuitable for many trees, plants and crops. This means that the seeds, grains, fruits and vegetables that we currently grow will no longer be able to grow in many areas. As oceans get warmer, they also become more acidic, which affects marine life. This reduces the food supply for those who rely on fish and seafood as their main food source.

changes in biodiversity

Rising sea levels and increased salinity reduce biodiversity, disrupting ecosystems that provide food, clean water and medicines. This can worsen physical health and wellbeing through reduced nutrition and increased disease, and limit human development by reducing access to the resources needed for a long, healthy and productive life.

changing weather patterns dots

• rainfall changes

• changing seasonal patterns

• temperature changes

extreme weather events dots

• storms and cyclones

• extreme heat

• floods

• droughts

• fires

climate change conditions impacts (increases air pollution)

• asthma

• cardiovascular disease

climate change conditions impacts (changes in vectors)

• malaria

• dengue

• lyme disease

climate change conditions impacts (more allergens)

• respiratory problems

• allergies

• asthma

climate change conditions impacts (reduces water quality )

• cholera

• harmful algal blooms

climate change conditions impacts (impacts food and water supplies)

• malnutrion

• diarrhoeal disease

climate change conditions impacts (degrades enviroments)

• forced migration

• civil conflicts

• mental health impacts

climate change conditions impacts (increases extreme heat)

• heat related illnesses and death

climate change conditions impacts (increase severe weather)

• injuries

• fatalities

• mental health impacts

3 implications for health climate change impact on health status

Increased mortality from extreme weather events

• Increased extreme weather events, such as extreme heat, can increase the risk of deaths from cardiovascular events such as heart attacks, as the body can struggle to regulate its temperature. Older people are more vulnerable, increasing mortality rates.

Increased respiratory diseases

• Extreme heat can increase pollen levels, which can trigger asthma and increase the burden of disease. Increased greenhouse gases also contribute to air pollution, which increases the incidence and prevalence of respiratory diseases and cardiovascular diseases. Events such as wildfires can significantly increase air pollutants, leading to more illness and premature deaths.

Increased water-borne diseases

• Rising sea levels can cause salt water to enter freshwater supplies, reducing access to safe drinking water. This increases the risk of water-borne diseases such as diarrhoea, giardia and cholera, increasing morbidity and mortality rates.

3 implications for health climate change impact on human development

Reduced access to basic resources

• Climate change reduces access to essential resources such as clean water, nutritious food and safe shelter. This limits people's ability to live a long, healthy and productive life, reducing their opportunities for human development.

Forced relocation and reduced standard of living

• Rising sea levels force people living in low-lying coastal areas to leave their homes and communities. This can reduce access to education, employment and income opportunities, limiting people's ability to achieve a decent standard of living.

Reduced economic opportunities

• Climate change impacts agriculture, fishing and other industries, reducing people's ability to earn an income. Lower incomes can limit access to health-promoting resources such as healthcare, education, food and housing.

climate change impacts on mental health and wellbeing

• Having to relocate due to rising sea levels contributes to increased stress and anxiety

• Reduced self-esteem due to loss of job and income

• Extreme weather events such as bushfires and droughts can cause extreme trauma and grief

climate change impacts on emotional health and wellbeing

increased grief and distress due to losing your home and having to leave friends and loved ones as a result of rising sea levels or an increase in extreme weather events, such as bushfires and drought