Heart

oxygen-poor

The right side of the heart receives \___________-\________ blood from the body.

Oxygenated

The left side of the heart receives \__________________ blood from the lungs.

Fist

A normal sized heart is about the size of a \__________.

Mediastinum

The heart is located in the \______________________ within the thoracic cavity.

superior; medial; posterior

The heart is \_________________ to the diaphragm, \_____________ to the lungs, and \__________________ sternum.

Pericardium

What is the double-walled membrane surrounding the heart?

fibrous pericardium

What is the outer layer of the pericardium that protects and anchors the heart to surrounding structures, and prevents overfilling?

serous pericardium

What is the inner layer of pericardium?

parietal layer

What is the layer of the serous pericardium that lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium?

visceral layer

What is the layer of the serous pericardium that lines the external surface of the heart?

pericardial cavity

What helps to decrease friction between the layers of the serous membrane?

Pericarditis

What condition is characterized by inflammation of the pericardium?

cardiac tamponade

What condition is characterized by pressure on the heart caused by excess fluid in the pericardial cavity?

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

Epicardium

What is the outermost layer of the heart wall?

Myocardium

What layer of the heart wall is characterized by bundles of cardiac muscle cells that allow for effective pumping?

Endocardium

What layer of the heart wall is the innermost layer, continuous with lining of blood vessels, and lines chambers of heart and covers cardiac skeleton of valves?

right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle

What are the four chambers of the heart?

interventricular septum

What structure separates the two ventricles?

interatrial septum

What structure separates the atria?

foramen ovale

The fossa ovalis in the right atrium of the heart is the remnant of the \____________ \_________ which has an important role in fetal hearts.

ligamentum arteriosum

What structure is the remnant of the ductus arteriosus from a fetal heart?

coronary sulcus

What surface feature is a junction of the atria and ventricles and is found anteriorly and posteriorly? *

anterior interventricular sulcus

What surface feature marks the boundary between the ventricles anteriorly?*

posterior interventricular sulcus

What surface feature marks the boundary between the ventricles posteriorly?

Atria

What are the receiving chambers of the heart?

Auricles

What are the appendages to the atria?

pectinate muscles

What are the bundles of muscle tissue in the right atrium that form ridges on the posterior walls.

crista terminalis

What landmark distinguishes where the ridges of the pectinate muscles end? *

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus

What three veins empty into the right atrium? *

pulmonary veins

What four veins return blood from the lungs into the left atrium?

the ventricles

What chambers are considered the discharging chambers?

pulmonary trunk

The right ventricle pumps blood into which artery?

aorta

The left ventricle pumps blood into which artery?

Aorta

What is the largest artery in the body?

trabeculae carneae

What are the irregular ridges of muscle found on the internal surface of the ventricles called? *

chordae tendineae

What are the thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the tricuspid and bicuspid valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting?*

papillary muscles

What muscles in the ventricles project into the ventricular cavity and anchor the chordae tendineae? *

one direction

How many directions does blood flow in?

atrioventricular valves

What valves, located between the atrial and ventricular chambers on each side of the heart, prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles are contracting?

semilunar valves

What pulmonary and aortic valves are located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and the aorta?

cardiac skeleton

What structure serves as the point of attachment for all valves and reinforces the atrialventricular septum?

tricuspid valve and bicuspid (mitral) valve

What are the two atrioventricular valves?

right

The tricuspid valve is between the \__________ atrium and ventricle.

Left

The bicuspid (mitral) valve is between the \______ atrium and ventricle.

pulmonary

Which semilunar valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk?

Aortic

Which semilunar valve is between the left ventricle and the aorta?

aortic valve

Which valve is being listened to if the doctors stethoscope is near the 2nd intercostal space at the right sternal margin?

tricuspid valve

Which valve is being listened to if the doctors stethoscope is near the 5th intercostal space at the right sternal margin?

pulmonary valve

Which valve is being listened to if the doctors stethoscope is near the 2nd intercostal space at the left sternal margin?

bicuspid (mitral) valve

Which valve is being listened to if the doctors stethoscope is near the 5th intercostal space in line with the middle of clavicle?

heart murmur

What is an abnormal sound from the heart produced by defects in the chambers or valves or when blood hits obstructions known as?

patent foramen ovale

If someone's foramen ovale fails to close, what heart defect do they have?*

coarcation of the aorta

What heart defect is described as a narrowing of the descending portion of the aorta, resulting in a limited flow of blood to the lower part of the body?*

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

What heart defect is described as a passageway (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the pulmonary artery that remains open after birth?*

Tetralogy of Fallot

What heart defect is described as a congenital malformation of the heart involving four distinct defects? *

body; lungs

In the pulmonary pathway of blood through the heart, the right atrium receives blood returning from the \________ and the right ventricle pumps blood to the \_________.

lungs; body

In the systemic pathway of blood through the heart, the left atrium receives blood returning from the \________ and the left ventricle pumps blood to the \________.

left ventricle

Which ventricle receives most of the coronary blood supply?*

coronary arteries

What are the first arteries that branch of off the aorta?*

coronary sulcus

Where do the coronary arteries lie? *

to provide additional routes of delivery

What is the purpose of anastomoses?

anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery

The left coronary artery branches into which two arteries? *

left coronary artery

Which coronary artery supplies the interventricular septum, anterior ventricular wall, left atrium, and posterior wall of the left ventricle? *

right marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery

The right coronary artery branches into which two arteries? *

right coronary artery

Which coronary artery supplies the right atrium and most of the right ventricle?

coronary sinus

Which enlarged vein empties into the right atrium and merges all cardiac veins?*

great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, and small cardiac vein

What are the three veins that branch off of the coronary sinus?*

True

T, F: Coronary disease (blockage) is the leading cause of death worldwide

.
Atherosclerosis

What coronary disease is described as hardening of the arteries?

chest pain

What does angina pectoris present as?

True

T, F: Prolonged coronary blockages can lead to myocardial infarction.

angioplasty

What procedure uses a stent to mechanically widen arteries?*

one central nucleus

Does cardiac muscle have many nuclei, one central nucleus, or no nuclei?

desmosomes

What anchoring junctions hold cells together?

gap junctions

What electrically couples adjacent cells and keeps cells in sync?

Syncytium

What allows the heart to contract as a unit?

numerous mitochondria

The heart needs to have very good endurance, would you expect cardiac cells have 1 mitochondria or numerous mitochondria?

contractile cells and conducting cells

What types of cells are found in cardiac muscle?

pacemaker cells

What self-excitable cells are found in the sinoatrial node and spontaneously depolarize?

extracellular Ca2+

What triggers the sarcoplasmic reticulum to open up in the heart?

sustained muscle contraction

The heart does not have tetanic contractions which allows the heart to relax and fill. What is a tetanic contraction?

aerobic respiration

The heart greatly depends on oxygen, so the heart depends exclusively on what type of respiration?

1. gap junctions and desmosomes
2. 2. intrinsic cardiac conduction system
3. 3. cardiac skeleton

What characteristics of the heart produce a coordinated heartbeat?


1. presence of ____ junction and ______*.*__
2. __*__*__ cardiac conduction system. (network of autorhythmic cells),
3. Cardiac _______________ which prevents impulse from spreading into ventricles.

SA node

Sequence of excitation: What initiates the impulse that allows the atrium to contract?

AV Node

Sequence of excitation: What allows the impulse from the SA node to travel to the atrioventricular bundle and then to the ventricles?

atrioventricular bundle

Sequence of excitation: The AV node sends the impulse through what structure before the signal branches off?

purkinje fibers

Sequence of excitation: The right and left branches off of the atrioventicular bundle lead to the \________________ \_________ which are the terminal fibers that allow the ventricles to contract.

No, it has a slow increase Na+ and K+ channels are closed

Do conductive cells (pacemaker cells) have a stable resting membrane potential?*

Depolarization

In conductive cells, after the resting potential reaches about -40, Ca2+ channels open and rapid influx of Ca2+ occurs; what is this called?*

Repolarization

In conductive cells, after depolarization reaches about +15mV, Ca2+ channels closes and K+ channels open making the cell more negative; what is this called?*

autorhythmicity properties

The action potential produced by pacemaker cells explains what properties?

irregular heart rhythm

An example of a defect in intrinsic conduction system is arrhythmias. What is an arrhythmia?

fibrillation, defibrillation

What are rapid, irregular, and ineffective contractions of the heart known as and what is the treatment?

yes, approximately -80mV in atrium and -90mV in ventricles

Do contractile cells have a stable resting membrane potential? *

Depolarization

In contractile cells, the action potential is stimulated and the Na+ channels are opened until +30mV is reached; what phase is this? *

Repolarization

In contractile cells, when mV reaches ~0, the Ca2+ channels close and K+ channel opens. This phase is critical to pump blood effectively. What phase is this? *

Electrocardiograph

What is the instrument used to detect electrical currents generated by the heart?

electrocardiogram (ECG)

What is the graphic recording of electrical activity? *

P wave

What part of the electrocardiogram shows the depolarization of the atria?*