CONSUMER CHEMISTRY SUMMATIVE TEST #1 (Q1)

Compounds obtained from living organisms, containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and halogens. Carbon is the backbone of organic compounds.

What is an organic compound?

Compounds obtained from minerals and non-living sources. They contain elements other than carbon or carbon compounds like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and cyanide.

What is an inorganic compound?

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

What is the full name of IUPAC?

Carbon is the sixth element on the periodic table and has four valence electrons, which allows it to bond to itself and other elements.

What makes the element carbon special?

Insoluble in water, more volatile, highly flammable, poor conductor of heat and electricity, low melting point, low boiling point.

What are some properties of organic compounds?

Soluble in water (or in some cases, insoluble), nonvolatile, nonflammable, good conductor of heat and electricity (in aqueous solutions), high melting point, high boiling point.

What are some properties of inorganic compounds?

Alcohols are organic compounds derived from water where an alkyl group replaces one of the hydrogen atoms, or a hydroxyl group (OH) replaces one hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon parent chain.

What is an Alcohol?

R-OH

What is the general formula for an Alcohol?

Ethers are organic compounds with a functional group containing an oxygen atom (O) to which two alkyl or aryl groups are attached.

What is an Ether?

R-O-R’

What is the general formula for an Ether?

Aldehydes contain the carbonyl group (C=O) attached at a terminal end of a hydrocarbon. They are derived from the dehydrogenation of alcohols.

What is an Aldehyde?

R-COH

What is the general formula for an Aldehyde?

Ketones contain a carbonyl group (C=O) inside the alkyl or aromatic groups. It may be a combination of two alkyl or aryl groups attached to a carbon atom, or one aryl and one alkyl group.

What is a Ketone?

R-COR’

What is the general formula for a Ketone?

Carboxylic acids contain a combination of both the carbonyl and hydroxyl group, which is the carboxyl group (COOH). They are weak acids naturally present in fruits and vegetables.

What is a Carboxylic Acid?

R-COOH

What is the general formula for a Carboxylic Acid?

Esters are distinct from other functional groups, where the carbon is attached to a single bond to another carbon, a double bond to one oxygen, and a single bond to another oxygen. They are produced from the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

What is an Ester?

R-COOR'

What is the general formula for an Ester?

Groups of atoms that are attached to hydrocarbons and play an important role in the formation of biological compounds such as DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Examples include carbonyl, carboxyl, hydroxyl, amino, and halide groups.

What are functional groups?

A process in which an ester is produced when a carboxylic acid and an alcohol react together with hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid.

What is esterification?

Organic compounds are typically insoluble in water, while inorganic compounds are often soluble in water.

What are the solubility characteristics of organic and inorganic compounds?

Organic compounds are generally more volatile, whereas inorganic compounds are nonvolatile.

Compare the volatility of organic and inorganic compounds.

Organic compounds are often highly flammable, while inorganic compounds are nonflammable.

How do the flammability of organic and inorganic compounds differ?

Organic compounds are poor conductors of heat and electricity. Inorganic compounds are generally good conductors of heat and electricity in aqueous solutions.

What are the electrical conductivity properties of organic and inorganic compounds?

Organic compounds have a low melting point, while inorganic compounds have a high melting point.

How do the melting points of organic and inorganic compounds compare?

Organic compounds have a low boiling point, while inorganic compounds have a high boiling point.

How do the boiling points of organic and inorganic compounds compare?

In 1816, he investigated the composition of oils and fats, and explained saponification, the reaction used to make soaps.

Who was Michael Eugene Chevreul and what was his contribution to organic chemistry?

In 1828, he created urea, an organic compound, from an inorganic substance (ammonium cyanate). This discovery weakened the "vitalism" idea that organic compounds could only come from living things.

Who was Friedrich Wohler and what was his contribution to organic chemistry?

Kekulé proposed the idea of isomerism and the physical distribution of atoms. His work on the structure of organic compounds led to the understanding of the tetravalence of carbon.

Who was August Kekulé and what was his contribution to organic chemistry?

The outdated idea that organic compounds could only originate from living things through a "vital force."

What is the concept of vitalism?