Equine Science Exam 4 FINAL EXAM

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148 Terms

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foot

foundation of the horse, most common area of forelimb lameness

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biological structures

bone, soft tissue, hoof capsule

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coffin bone

3rd phalanx

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short pastern bone

2nd phalanx

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navicular bone

distal sesamoid

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joints

coffin, pastern, fetlock

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blood vessels

medial and lateral, digital arteries, digital veins

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superficial external structures

hoof wall, coronary band, frog, sole, white line, bars

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sole

concave, protection, plays a role in concussion, not meant to bear a lot of weight

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bars

weight bearing, additional heel strength, allows lateral movement

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navicular bone

focal point for disease, coupled with the digital flexor tendon makes the joint elastic and yielding; thus counteracting shock

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front of leg tendons

extensor tendons, extend forward

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back of leg tendons

flexor tendons, flex back

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functional foot

weight bearing structures and soft tissue structures of the foot are intact, healthy, and compliment each other

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shoes

provide protection, decrease energy absorption, alter pattern of wear, influence movement

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horse’s weight on front legs

2/3

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lameness on the front

78%

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hoof growth

coronary band down, ~1/4 inch per month

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hoof wall

thinnest at heel

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sole

3/8 inches thick

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frog

protects the foot and aids in traction, absorbs shock and concussion

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comfort zone angles of front and back feet

48-55 degrees

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lower angle =

more stress on tendons and ligaments, makes horse trip more

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to raise angle

take more toe and leave more heel

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to lower angle

take more heel and leave more toe

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extremely low angles

slow time of breakover, linked to navicular syndrome and strained DDFTs

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extremely high angles

speed up breakover time, linked to abnormal loading of coffin joint surfaces, injury to extensor process, increased strain to suspensory ligaments

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balance

most important factor in equine podiatry

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goal of hoof trimming

make hoof wall level, and pastern, shoulder, and hoof angles all parallel

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Duckett’s Dot/Bridge

widest part of foot, rest of foot is centered around it

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2/3 of foot

should be behind the apex of the frog

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1/3 of foot

should be in front of the apex of the frog

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mediolateral balance

ensures load bearing is as uniform as possible, begins with having heel lengths the same on each side of the foot

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types of trim

pasture trim, light use trim, trimmed for shoe

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pasture trim

really round toe

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light use trim

45 degree halfway off the wall from quarter to quarter

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shoe trim

flat

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if trimmed before 2 years of age

can help correct conformational deviations

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if trimmed after 2 years of age

just hides conformational deviations

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purpose of shoes

protection, support, traction, and performance

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3 point contact

toe region and both heels

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shoe modifications

roll, rocker, square toe

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squaring toe =

shorter stride, prevents clipping themselves and pulling shoes

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roll or rocker

decreases stride length

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clips

stabilize shoe, aids in retention of shoe, prevents shoe from shearing off at the nails

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coronary circumference

78 lb/in² body weight to hoof area ratio

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kinesiology

study of movement

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kinematics

describes motion without consideration of what makes it happen

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kinetics

forces that produce movement

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electromyography

relationship between force and electrical activity of the muscle

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stride

complete cycle of limb movements

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phases of stride

stance, break over, swing

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stance

impact → right after foot hits the ground, loading → limb loaded gradually, fetlock extends

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break over

starts when heel leaves ground, finishes when toe leaves ground

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swing

time the foot is in the air

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balance

the ability to keep the center of mass within the limits of the base of support

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proprioception

most important factor of balance

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general observations for lameness

conformation, symmetry, stance, muscling

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visual evaluation at rest

stall posture, muscle symmetry, conformation, hoof balance

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dynamic exam

gait evaluation, footing, multiple surfaces, straight and in a circle

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hoof evaluation

overall evaluation of the foot, symmetry, hoof wear, shoeing

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forelimb lameness observations

head nod, down on sound up on lame, tensing of shoulder, alterations in height of foot flight arc, length of stride, joint flexion angles, degree of fetlock drop, sound differences

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hindlimb lameness observations

hip hike, excess vertical displacement of tuber coxae or croup, drifting, length of stride, reduced flexion of joints

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grading lameness

0-5

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lameness grade 0

no lameness

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lameness grade 1

difficult to see, not consistent

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lameness grade 2

difficult to see at walk or trot in straight line, consistent under certain circumstances

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lameness grade 3

consistently seen at trot under all circumstances

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lameness grade 4

obvious at walk

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lameness grade 5

minimal or non weight bearing

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front limb flexions

distal limb, carpal, elbow, shoulder flexion

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hind limb flexions

distal limb, stifle, full limb/hock flexion

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diagnostic analgesia

used to localize lameness, local infiltration, regional blocks, nerve blocks, intra-articular

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radiographs

diagnose acute trauma and bone disease

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ultrasounds

soft tissue injuries

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nuclear scintigraphy

bone scan, administration of radiopharmaceutical, highly sensitive, low specificity

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animal rights

philosophical view that animals have rights similar or the same as humans

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main players of animal rights

Humane Society of the United States and PETA

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animal welfare

emphasizes human treatment of animals, animals can be used to benefit humans, use of animals is essential but animals should be made as happy and comfortable as possible

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breeding

process of evaluating and selecting animals for production of offspring

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genetics

the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characterstics

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variation

a different or distinct form or version of something

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parts of genetics

transmission, molecular, quantitative, population

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transmission

how genes are inherited from parents to offspring

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molecular

how genetic info is encoded and expressed

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quantitative

how multiple factors interact to produce complex phenotypes

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population

how genes impact populations

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zygosity

the relationship between the 2 copies of genetic information in the cell

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multiplication rule

if 2 events are independents then p(A and B) = p(A) x p(B)

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addition rule

if 2 events are mutually exclusive then p(A or B) = p(A) + p(B)

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mendel’s laws of inheritance

segregation, dominance, independent assortment

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exceptions to mendel’s rules

incomplete penetrance, sex influenced traits, sex linked traits, sex limited traits

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incomplete penetrance

individual possesses a particular genotype, but the associated phenotype is not expressed

can result from secondary genetic influences on expression, environment, random effects

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sex influenced traits

traits in which the same genotype is associated with different phenotypes depending on the gender

can be size, color, behavior, or morphology

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sex linked traits

the pattern of inheritance for genes located on sex chromosomes

example colorblindness on the x chromosomes in humans

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sex limited traits

traits where phenotypic expression is limited to only one gender

example milk production in mares

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HERDA - hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia

horses present with fragile, thin skin which has slow healing and scarring

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HERDA details

skin decrease in tensile strength, environmental factors make it worse, average presentation is 1.5 years, majority is AQH, not sex-linked, impacts collagen

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HYPP - hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

horses present with sudden unexplained muscle twitches, sudden collapse, temporary paralysis, muscle weakness, heart arrhythmia

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HYPP details

high levels of patassium in plasma, attacks precipitated by rest following exercise and fasting, can be triggered by sedation, average age of presentation is 2-3 years, majority AQH, not sex linked, impacts sodium channel