Lecture Notes Review on The Reformation and Enlightenment

These flashcards cover key concepts and figures related to the Reformation and Enlightenment, helping to reinforce understanding of the material.

What were some challenges that led to the Reformation?

The spread of Renaissance ideas, political instability in Germany, and resentment towards religious taxes to Rome.

Who was Martin Luther?

A German Catholic who became a monk and later challenged the Catholic Church's practices, particularly the sale of indulgences.

What were some challenges that led to the Reformation?

The spread of Renaissance ideas, political instability in Germany, and resentment towards religious taxes to Rome.

Who was Martin Luther?

A German Catholic who became a monk and later challenged the Catholic Church's practices, particularly the sale of indulgences.

What were indulgences according to the Catholic Church?

Pardons for sins that allowed souls to be released from purgatory.

What were the 95 Theses?

A document written by Martin Luther that criticized the Catholic Church's practices, specifically the sale of indulgences.

What was the response from Luther to the Diet of Worms?

Luther refused to recant unless convinced by scripture or clear reason, stating that going against conscience was wrong.

What was the outcome of the Thirty Years War?

A conflict between Catholics and Protestants that resulted in significant deaths and the Peace of Westphalia, granting equal rights to Lutherans and Catholics.

What was the role of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) during the Counter-Reformation?

To spread Catholic education, promote absolute obedience to the papacy, and reform the church.

What was the Enlightenment?

A movement of intellectuals who applied scientific laws to understanding life and promoted reason, progress, and natural laws.

Who was Adam Smith and what was his contribution?

A professor of logic known as the 'Father of Economics' or 'Father of Capitalism,' he advocated for laissez-faire economics in his work 'The Wealth of Nations.'

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau argue in 'The Social Contract'?

That society should be governed by its general will, emphasizing ethical governance for the entire community.