unit 2.3-2.4 pys

Memory

The ability to remember things we have experienced, imagined, or learned

Encoding

getting information into our memory system through automatic or effortful processing

Storage

retention of the information

Retrieval

accessing info stored

Parallel processing

processing info at different levels at same time, conscious and unconscious, see different parts to make it into a whole

Deep processing

Processing for meaning. Relating it to past experiences. This is effortful and requires one’s attention

Shallow Processing

 Memorizing something without meaning, not mentally present

Memories

learned knowledge, events, and experiences differ based

on how they are processed, stored, and retrieved by the brain

Explicit Memory

Easily described or explained

Implicit Memory

Challenging to describe or explain

Episodic Memory

Memories of personal experiences and events

Semantic Memory

General knowledge and facts

Procedural Memory

Memory for procedures and skills

Prospective Memory

Remembering to perform future actions

Long-Term Potentiation (LPT)

biological process where synaptic connections

between neurons become stronger with frequent activation or intensity

The working memory model

process information for short-term use and transfer it to long-term memory

The central executive

control center of the working memory system, directs attention and manages cognitive processes like problem-solving and decision-making

The phonological loop

processing verbal and auditory information

The visuospatial sketchpad

handles visual and spatial information

The multi-store model

memory consists of three systems that interact with each other

Sensory Memory

Briefly holds sensory information ex: a photo

Short-Term Memory

Holds information temporarily for processing

Long-Term Memory

Stores information for extended periods

iconic memory

a fleeting sensory memory of visual stimuli 10th a sec

echoic memory

fleeting sensory auditory memory stimuli lasts 3-4 secs

Automatic Processing

Information is encoded without conscious effort

Effortful Processing

Requires attention and conscious effort

Structural Encoding

physical structure of information

Phonemic Encoding

Focuses on how information sounds

Semantic Encoding

Focuses on the meaning of the information

Mnemonic devices

techniques that help with encoding information into working and long-term memory

Method of loci

Associating information with specific locations

Chunking

Breaking information into smaller, manageable units

Categories and hierarchies

Organizing information into categories or a structured hierarchy

spacing effect

encoding and memory are more effective when information is spread out over time

The serial position effect

shows that the order in which information is presented affects encoding

Primacy effect

Information presented at the beginning of a list is more likely to be remembered

Recency effect

Information presented at the end of a list is also more likely to be remembered